Apart from the intermediary character and duality of love, Diotima’s speech also brings out another aspect of love that is echoed in John’s Gospel, namely the colouring of love in the tones of initiation into the mysteries. According to Diotima, the successive stages of spiritual generation constitute a progressive initiation into the mysteries, an initiation that takes the form of a gradual ascent on “the ladder of love,” from physical love to spiritual love, at the end of which—as we shall see shortly—awaits the full attainment of purity, contemplation of the divine unity, truth, and immortality. With an allusion to the difference between lower and higher mysteries in the contemporary mystery cults, the higher levels of this ladder are seen as “the final perfection (i.e., initiation, τὰ τέλεα) and full vision”—that is, “the highest mysteries”...
The mystery cults Plato refers to here are most likely the mystery cults that were especially well known in Athens: the Eleusinian mysteries at Eleusis, one of the demes of Athens, ca. 21 kilometres west of Athens and connected with it via “the Sacred Way” (Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.36.3), with its sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone/Kore, which was the center of—as Kevin Clinton concisely puts it—“the annual festival of the mysteries, which attracted initiates from the entire Greek-speaking world.” As I will now indicate, this language of “perfection” and “vision,” as expressed in the phrase τὰ τέλεα καὶ ἐποπτικά (“the final perfection and full vision”) and denoting “the highest mysteries,” is also present in John’s Gospel. Firstly, with regard to the language of perfection, in his final prayer at the conclusion of the last symposium, Jesus states his intention to his divine Father, that his pupils “will be perfected into one” by experiencing the same divine love that the Father has for Jesus... As those who ascend the ladder of love in Plato’s Symposium become perfected—that is, initiated into the mysteries—so the pupils at the last symposium are also perfected into one, and into the divine love...
In the Johannine corpus, all of these instances—of a perfecting into one that conveys the experience of comprehensive divine love, and of the perfection of divine love in those who love—seem to resonate with the notion of perfection through initiation into the higher mysteries of love on the ladder of love. This combination of perfection and love is altogether absent from the Synoptic Gospels. Is it a coincidence that Lazarus, who is described to Jesus as “him whom you love” (11:3), is also ambiguously described as “the one who has finished” (ὁ τετελευτηκώς; 11:39)—meaning “the one who has finished life, who has died,” “the deceased”—but, in a sense, only apparently so, because he “has fallen asleep” and needs to be awoken from his sleep, as Jesus says (11:11–14), and thus seems to be the one who is initiated into death and resurrection? Hence the beloved pupil (inasmuch as he seems to be identical with Lazarus) is not expected to die again (21:21–23), and he is also the first who, seemingly from his own experience (if he is indeed identical with Lazarus), understands upon seeing the empty tomb (and especially because he notices the separate position of the σουδάριον, the facial covering that he himself had worn when he walked out of his tomb; 20:7, cf. 11:44) that Jesus has been brought to life again (20:8). Consequently, there seems to be a wordplay between “being perfected” or “initiated” (τετελειωμένος; 17:23) and “having finished” or “died” (τετελευτηκώς; 11:39), between τελειόω and τελευτάω.
A similar wordplay between τέλειος / τέλεος (“perfect,” “initiated”), τελευτάω (“to finish,” “to come to an end”), and τὸ τέλος (“the end”) is made in Diotima’s speech, as the final perfection (τὰ τέλεα; 210a) and full vision of the highest mysteries consist in the fact that those who are initiated into them and ascend the ladder of love “end” their former forms of knowledge and love, “come to an end,” “issue in,” and are thus fully initiated into the highest form of knowledge and love, which focuses on the very essence of beauty itself... A similarly playful combination of cognate forms such as τελέω, τελειόω, τελευτάω, and τὸ τέλος also occurs in the Gospel of John, not only with regard to the pupils who are perfected and initiated into one, and with regard to Lazarus, but also with respect to Jesus himself: he loves his pupils “till the end” (εἰς τέλος), as the author notes in his description of the last symposium (13:1), and it is at this symposium that he talks about his pupils’ perfection and initiation into one (17:23) before he finishes his life by exclaiming, again in marked difference from the Synoptic Gospels: “It has been finished, it has been perfected” (Τετέλεσται; 19:30). Both Lazarus’s and Jesus’s deaths are described in the ambiguous terminology of finishing, perfection, and initiation, and thus understood as initiations into a death that is followed by a resurrection, just as in the mystery religions. It seems that Jesus’s final exclamation, “It has been finished” (Τετέλεσται), signals the end of such an initiation, thus putting the event of his death on a par with the place of initiation at the Eleusinian mysteries, which—as becomes clear in Plutarch’s description of the building of the Eleusinian sanctuary—is called a τελεστήριον, a place for initiation...
This is by no means the only allusion to the Eleusinian mysteries in John’s Gospel. Just before his death, at the beginning of the last festival that he attends in the Jerusalem temple, it is the very Greeks who wish to see Jesus whom he answers with a reference to his approaching death, cast in a hidden allusion to the Eleusinain mysteries, which revolve around the contemplation of an ear of wheat that was seen as the fruit of the resurrection of Aphrodite/ Kore:56 “unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains just a single grain; but if it dies, it bears much fruit” (12:24)... What the Gospel of John reveals is that its author follows Diotima’s speech even in its use of initiation terminology and its reference to the Eleusinian mysteries. Whereas the annual festival of the Eleusinian mysteries at the τελεστήριον of the sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone/Kore at Athens attracted religious seekers from the entire Greek-speaking world, the author of John’s Gospel mirrors and inverts this festival in the annual Passover festival at the Jerusalem temple, which is visited by Greeks who seek Jesus and see the Eleusinian mysteries accomplished in him, whose very body is a temple (2:19–21) and a place of initiation (τελεστήριον; 19:30).

Two cultic activities of early assemblies would easily be recognized by members of Greco-Roman religious associations. The first was baptism, the ritual of initiation that marked entry into the community. As an initiatory ritual, it was notable primarily for its simplicity and its singularity; in the Mysteries, initiations tended to be complex and multiple. For Jewish believers, baptismal washing for males would represent an addition to the Jewish ritual of circumcision; for Gentile converts, baptism replaced circumcision (Col 2:11-12)-a circumstance that also could be the occasion for conflict. The second cultic activity was the meal. Some version of "breaking bread in houses" (Acts 2:42, 46) that Paul calls the "Lord's Banquet" (kyriakon deipnon; 1 Cor 11:20) was celebrated in the gathered assembly, probably on the day of resurrection, the first day of the week (1 Cor 16:2; see Rev 1:10). The rituals of initiation and meals were occasions for enacting the presence of the risen Lord in the assembly and for remembering the words and deeds of Jesus in the context of his continuing powerful presence... As he reports the risen Lord saying to him when Paul asked to be freed from the stake in his flesh, "My grace [charis-that is, "benefit"] is sufficient for you, for [my] power [dynamis] is brought to perfection [teleitai] in weakness" (2 Cor 12:9). ...
Paul's response to those Colossians who, after their baptism into Christ, pursued further "perfection" or "maturity" through circumcision, asceticism, and visions-all instinctive to Religiousness A as found in Greco-Roman religion makes the role of thinking even more explicit. Their maturity does not result from adding on but from digging deeper. Paul wants them to be filled with "recognition of [God's] will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding" (Col 1:9). To what end? That they might "walk worthily of the Lord in everything pleasing, bearing fruit in every good deed and growing in the recognition of God" (1:10). Paul connects this growth in knowledge and in moral behavior precisely with the divine dynamis in which they had become participants... Paul again argues morally from their religious experience of baptism, in which they were "buried together with him" and were "raised with him" through faith (Col 2:12). If then they died with Christ (2:20) and if they were raised with him (3:1), that ritual pattern should determine their moral behavior: they should put to death all modes of vice and "put on" the new humanity, resisting all impulses that drive them to rivalry and competition and instead showing toward each other the same compassion that was shown them (3:12-13). And over all these, Paul says, they should put on agape, which is the bond of perfection (teleiotetos, or maturity)... Paul's language of "perfection" echoes that used for the Mysteries; see Phil 1:6; p2; Gal 3=3; 2 Cor 8:6, 11; Rom 15:28; and R. S. Ascough, "The Completion of a Religious Duty: The Background of 2 Cor 8:1-15," New Testament Studies 42 (1996): 584-599.

Initiation (τελετή) from τελεῖν (accomplish, finish), originally meant ‘accomplishment’, ‘performance’. The term is characteristically used to denote initiation in the mysteries, and in plural to mystic rites practised at initiation, such as the festival accompanied by mystic rites. This term covers a wide semantic field. Meanings include ‘initiation in the mysteries’ but also ‘accomplishment’, ‘fulfilment’, ‘perfection’ and ‘completion’, terms that express the spiritual weight that mystery initiation had for the Greeks in terms of the spiritual state of the individual.

Orpheus, for instance, brought from Egypt most of his mystic ceremonies, the orgiastic rites that accompanied his wanderings, and his fabulous account of his experiences in Hades. [...] and the punishments in Hades of the unrighteous, the Fields of the Righteous, and the fantastic conceptions, current among the many, which are figments of the imagination – all these were introduced by Orpheus in imitation of the Egyptian funeral customs.

For this perishable body must put on imperishability, and this mortal body must put on immortality. When this perishable body puts on imperishability and this mortal body puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will be fulfilled: “Death has been swallowed up in victory.” “Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?” The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law."

The Egyptians wanted to overcome death in both kinds of time, and to do this, they relied on both Re and Osiris... To achieve this goal of Osirian continuation, they needed embalming, mummification, and, above all, the Judgment of the Dead. The concept of completion/perfection, Egyptian nfrw, not only had connotations of beauty, perfection, and imperishability but also, and above all, connotations of virtue and righteousness, of moral perfection and conformance with the norms of maat. From djet-time, there arose a moral perspective. Only good could continue unchangeably; evil, bad, uncleanliness, and imperfection were given over to perishability. The moral qualities of a result, that is, its conformance to maat, decided its imperishability... The Judgment of the Dead represented an extreme spiritualizing and ethicizing of the mythical concept of vindicating the deceased against death... The guilt of the deceased was that which stood in the way of his transformation into the eternal form of a “transfigured ancestral spirit.” It was the Egyptian form of the Pauline concept, “the wages of sin is death” (Romans 6:23)... He who is vindicated in the Judgment of the Dead will “stride freely like the lords of eternity,” he will be accepted among the gods. He will thus not only enjoy continuance on earth but also immortality in the next world... This was the moment when the process of life turned into the unchangeable and indestructible permanence of Wennefer [= Osiris], the “completed lasting one”... There is good reason to think that ancient Egyptian burial customs lived on in the Hellenistic Isis mysteries, though in the latter case, they were enacted and interpreted not as a burial of the deceased but as an initiation of the living...

The embalming process, to which it refers, is related to the topic of initiation in manifold ways. It is conceived not so much as a preservation of the corpse, but rather as its transfiguration to a new body: one "filled with magic," the perishable substances of which have been replaced by everlasting ones, resting in the mummy-cover as if it were a kind of magic garment.

But someone will ask, “How are the dead raised? With what kind of body do they come?” Fool! What you sow does not come to life unless it dies. And as for what you sow, you do not sow the body that is to be but a bare seed, perhaps of wheat or of some other grain... What is sown is perishable; what is raised is imperishable. It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power. It is sown a physical body; it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a physical body, there is also a spiritual body.

The underlying idea was that life can only exist, be renewed, and be regained through death. Not only human beings, but also such gods as Re and Osiris were mortal: They had life in the sense that they had died and arisen from the dead... Akh is usually translated as “spirit” but its corporeal aspect should not be neglected. A bodily spirit or spiritual body may seem a contradiction in terms, but it is not unknown in religious, or at least Christian, terminology: If there is a physical body, there is also a spiritual body.

“unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains just a single grain; but if it dies, it bears much fruit”

One of the most interesting magical objects in this room was a wooden mold in the shape of Osiris. This mold was lined with linen and filled with rich topsoil deposited by the Nile. Seeds, mostly for grain, were planted in the topsoil. When they sprouted, they would be a green, living representation for Osiris, symbolizing resurrection. Tutankhamen had sought to identify himself with Osiris in that way and bring about his resurrection.

Osiris beds were placed in tombs. These consisted of a hollow frame in the shape of the mummiform Osiris that was filled with earth in which seeds were sown. These would have then grown after the tomb was sealed, actualizing the resurrection of Osiris and, hence, that of the deceased.

Results of Justification:
Therefore, since we are justified by faith, we[a] have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have obtained access to this grace in which we stand, and we boast in our hope of sharing the glory of God... Much more surely, therefore, since we have now been justified by his blood, will we be saved through him from the wrath of God... Therefore just as one man’s trespass led to condemnation for all, so one man’s act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all... But law came in, so that the trespass might increase, but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more, so that, just as sin reigned in death, so grace might also reign through justification leading to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

In the same way that Osiris was restored to life and declared free of wrongdoing, so all who died hoped to be revived and justified... As in earlier periods, those who passed the test of judgement were declared ‘justified' and accepted into the following of Osiris... In the same way that justification and acceptance into the company of Osiris’s followers offered a means of social reintegration for those whom death had cut off from friends and relations, the mummification rites restored the physical integrity of their bodies, transfiguring them and endowing them with a new eternal form... the concepts of mummification and justification were closely linked...

"Justification" is the central concept of Egyptian funerary religion in which all aspects of the "overcoming of death" and of salvation in the next world come together... The deceased must justify himself: with respect to the enemy (as the personification of death)... with respect to the divine prosecutor and judge, in whose presence the deceased must answer for his conduct on earth and prove himself worthy of eternal salvation...

Do you not know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? Therefore we were buried with him by baptism into death, so that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also might walk in newness of life. For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we will certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his. We know that our old self was crucified with him... For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.

We now understand why the embalming ritual had to portray the corpse not just as a lifeless body but as a dismembered one... The myth dramatized this condition, telling how Seth slew his brother Osiris, tore his body into pieces, and scattered his limbs throughout all of Egypt. In the embalming ritual, this myth was played out for each deceased person, even if he had in no way been killed and dismembered but rather had died a peaceful, natural death... This first phase was carried out in the name of purification. Everything “foul,” that is, everything perishable that could represent a danger to the goal of achieving an eternal form, was removed from the body. For this reason, in the few representations of the embalming ritual, this phase is represented as a purifying bath. The corpse lay “on” (that is, in) a basin, and water was poured over it. The Egyptian word for such a basin is Sj, “lake,” and such a “lake” is mentioned repeatedly in the accompanying spells, some of which we shall cite in chapter 5... In Egyptian mortuary belief, Osiris was the prototype of every deceased individual. Everyone would become Osiris in death and be endowed with life by Isis... As Osiris, the deceased was fully vindicated against Seth, that is, death, in this lawsuit... The ordinary deceased was a follower of Osiris, was called Osiris and compared to him, and became a member of his following. He came into possession not only of life but also of personal status and recognition. He bore the name of the god, along with his own titles and his personal name, as well as the epithet “justified/vindicated.” He smote Seth, which meant that he had conquered death... Guilt, accusation, enmity, and so forth are treated as forms of impurity and decay—as, so to say, immaterial but harmful substances—that must be eliminated so as to transpose the deceased into a condition of purity that can withstand decay and dissolution. Vindication was moral mummification... He was vindicated against all accusations and absolved of any and all guilt, of any sin that could hinder his transition into the next life

The ritual is said to have cleansed the ritual participants from the state of being that existed prior to the ritual. By means of the ritual they have acquired a state of purity categorically different from the one that characterised their previous state of being, i.e. they have been transferred from a state of impurity to a state of purity. It is certainly not coincidental that the cleansing metaphor precedes the next two metaphors which serve to make it clear to the recipients that the Corinthian Christ-believers have been initiated into a new form of being. They have not only been set apart from the world which is ultimately what the metaphor of sanctification implies but due to their justification in the name of the Lord Jesus and by means of the spirit of God they have also entered into a new legal state before God, i.e. they have been justified or acquitted of their previous guilt. In order to obtain justification, however, it is essential that the ritual participants have been transferred to a state in which they have been made ritually prepared for the acquisition of the justification. We do not need to enter into the discussion whether Paul in 1 Cor 6:11 is quoting from a pre-Pauline tradition or not. It suffices to note that in one of the earliest strands of what later became known as Christianity we find an amalgamation of elements pertaining to rituals of purification as well as rituals of initiation. Apparently, the two do not exclude each other... In fact I will argue that a ritual of initiation cannot be separated from the element of cleansing irrespective of whether that element is merely present in the form of a metaphorical formulation or as an independent, preparatory rite of purification... Although a rite of purification may not be part of the ritual of initiation per se, it does play a prominent role in the preparatory rites that precede Lucius’ initiation into the mysteries of Isis as recounted in the eleventh book of the Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass by Apuleius... It is a prevalent phenomenon frequently found in connection with rituals of initiation that a rite of cleansing or purification is somehow related to it.

Moreover, at least some of these passages mentioning the lake(s) of the Duat associate these with the sun and the eastern horizon, near which such lakes may have been imagined to be located. In virtue of this connection, the Duat may be surmised to assume the connotation of a liminal, transitional place, where the sun and the king get cleansed before being ready to reappear on the horizon every morning and to rise in the sky. Ultimately, (ritual) purity was a necessary condition for being reborn, and for this reason it is often connected with the notion of the (initiatory) journey of the deceased through the Duat. The association between Osiris and water in a context of purification, renewal, and rebirth also had a long tradition in ancient Egyptian (funerary) literature...

Now a certain man was ill, Lazarus of Bethany, the village of Mary and her sister Martha. Mary was the one who anointed the Lord with perfume and wiped his feet with her hair; her brother Lazarus was ill... After saying this, he told them, “Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep, but I am going there to awaken him.” The disciples said to him, “Lord, if he has fallen asleep, he will be all right.” Jesus, however, had been speaking about his death, but they thought that he was referring merely to sleep. Then Jesus told them plainly, “Lazarus is dead. For your sake I am glad I was not there, so that you may believe. But let us go to him.” Thomas, who was called the Twin, said to his fellow disciples, “Let us also go, that we may die with him.” When Jesus arrived, he found that Lazarus had already been in the tomb four days... he cried with a loud voice, “Lazarus, come out!” The dead man came out, his hands and feet bound with strips of cloth and his face wrapped in a cloth. Jesus said to them, “Unbind him, and let him go.”

Though well hidden, the theme of baptism informs the whole story of the raising of Lazarus (John 11)... Ritually, the person being baptised is pushed into the realm of death, so that he can emerge to a new life... Unfortunately, our ancient sources on mystery religions tell us very little about how the “second birth” was ritually staged, for initiates were required to remain silent about it. Nevertheless, some hints found in ancient sources give an indication. The magic papyrus of Paris provides a good example. Around eleven o’clock in the morning and in the presence of the magician, the candidate is supposed to mount the roof of a house and spread out a piece of cloth. Naked he places himself upon it. His eyes are blindfolded, the entire body wrapped like a mummy... When this occurs, possibly in the form of a draught of air felt by the candidate, the latter stands up. He dons a white garment, burns incense and again utters a spell. The rites completed, he descends from the roof. Now he knows that he has acquired immortality. Similar rites and symbolic representations of death and resurrection can be found in all ancient mystery cults. “When the candidate of the mysteries of Isis applies for initiation, he chooses the ritual death in order to gain true life,” explains Reinhold Merkelbach. In fact, according to the ancients, each initiation ritual involves the death of the old and the birth of a new person; there are no exceptions. Early-Christian baptism divides the lives of those baptised in a sequence of three phases. In the first phase, the human being is enslaved to sin and the world. The second phase means death: the baptismal candidate is killed—symbolically, but not actually drowned by being forced under water. This “drowning” is the actual rite of baptism.

Recitation 194: This Teti’s sister (Wadjet), the Lady of Pe, is the one who cried for him, and the two attendants, (Isis and Nephthys), who mourned Osiris have mourned him... Recitation 526: Raise yourself, clear away your dust, remove the shroud on your face. Loosen your ties...

Both compositions of papyrus W551 are mortuary in character and address Osiris or the deceased associated with him... Thus while section 1 contains earthly expressions of love and mourning for the deceased, section 2 deals with his transition to a new state of being in the hereafter. The sequence of the texts corresponds with the Egyptian perception of death, i.e., the deceased is gradually transformed after death, from this world to the sphere of the divine... The two goddesses, Isis and Nephthys, refer to death from the viewpoint of the living, uncovering their human emotions, as they recall their love for Osiris and grieve for him... the myth of Osiris, Horus, and Seth is evoked in spell 10 of PW 551:"The Great One (=Osiris) awakens, The Great One wakes up. Osiris raised himself on his side, the One who hates sleep (i.e., death), one who does not love weariness. The god stands, being powerful of his body. Horus has lifted him up, he's raised in Nedit."... In the s3hw as well as in other mortuary texts such as the BR, the transformation into an akh occurs by means of association of the deceased with the god Osiris and his incorporation into the sphere of the divine... Isis and Nephthys perform the widest range of tasks for the deceased Osiris, including purification, protection, and reassembling. At the same time, the two sisters act as they do in the lamentations, mourning and "glorifying" Osiris...

Rather, the true meaning goes back to the Pyramid Text originals, where the deceased Osiris/King is asked to “wake up” (viz. “resurrect himself ”), a common theme in mortuary spells. As Griffiths has noted, “death is really only a sleep, then, a phase of tiredness,” while in the same vein sleep was considered a death-like state. Thus the term rs (“awake”) could refer as easily to resurrection from death as to physical awakening from sleep, since the two states were conceptually synonymous.

Both spells proceed from the situation of the deceased lying on his bier, and both set it in the light of a mythic situation or an event in the divine realm: the discovery of Osiris, who has been slain by his brother Seth. The mythic explanation facilitates action; in spell 532, the action of the mourning women, who bewail the deceased as Isis and Nephthys, embalm and awaken him... Death is not an end, but the beginning of the funerary rites, and thus it is also the beginning of the story that explains these rites... The Osiris myth overcomes the experience of death by according this apparently catastrophic and hopeless situation an orientation in which it becomes meaningful to say to the deceased: "Arise!" "Stand up!" "Lift yourself!"—called out to the deceased as he lies stretched out, these exhortations constitute a common element shared by the two texts. They occur in a hundred other spells of the Pyramid Texts, and in later funerary literature, they are expanded into lengthy recitations and litanies that make a refrain of them, consistently addressing them to the deceased lying on the bier or to Osiris... We can summarize all these recitations, from the Pyramid Texts through the latest Osirian mysteries, as a genre of "raise-yourself spells."... Addressed to the deceased lying inert, the spells say, "Raise yourself!" on various mythic grounds. Their function is to raise the dead...

“Salvation” and “eternal life” are Christian concepts, and we might think that the Egyptian myth can all too easily be viewed through the lens of Christian tradition. Quite the contrary, in my opinion, Christian myth is itself thoroughly stamped by Egyptian tradition, by the myth of Isis and Osiris, which from the very beginning had to do with salvation and eternal life. It thus seems legitimate to me to reconstruct the Egyptian symbolism with the help of Christian concepts. As with Orpheus and Eurydice, the constellation of Isis and Osiris can also be compared with Mary and Jesus. The scene of the Pietà, in which Mary holds the corpse of the crucified Jesus on her lap and mourns, is a comparable depiction of the body centered intensity of female grief, in which Mary is assisted by Mary Magdalene, just as Isis is assisted by Nephthys.

There is considerable evidence (albeit much of it from late antiquity) for lamentation in mystery-cult, sometimes for the deity. The dismemberment of Dionysos was associated with – or perhaps in some way enacted in – his mystery-cult: we know this mainly from late texts, but there is evidence that the myth was known in the archaic and classical periods, and in view of our vase-painting of maenads attending the head (mask) of Dionysos in the liknon, it is possible that in the fifth century BC maenads in mystery-cult lamented the death of Dionysos. And given the importance of Dionysiac cult – and specifically of mystery-cult performed by the thiasos – in the genesis of Athenian tragedy, it is not unlikely that the centrality of lamentation for an individual in tragedy derives in part from maenadic lamentation...

The renewal, that mysterious process that Kristensen’ called life from death, came about outside the created world in the unfathomable depth and darkness of the primeval waters (Nun) that surround this world. It is in that mysterious space that the deceased could live again. One sun-hymn reads: "How beautiful is thy shining forth in the horizon We are in renewal of life. We have entered into Nun He has renovated (us) to one who is young for the first time The (one) has been stripped off, the other put on." The last sentence has been interpreted to mean, “The old man is cast off and the new man is put on.“ It may also call to mind the mummy-bandages that are thrown off in the decisive moment of resurrection and the white garments that the glorified dead wear in depictions of the Underworld... The process begins with mummification: “the evening is set aside for you with oils and wrapping in the arms of the Weaving-Goddess"... Mummy-bindings had to be removed at the moment of resurrection... The thoroughness with which the Egyptians are wrapped makes understandable such special prayers as the one written on a coffin in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, directing the goddess Isis to free the mummy from its wrappings at the moment of resurrection: “Ho my mother Isis, come that you may remove the bindings which are on me".

The first stage was the purification of the corpse by washing... Cleansing of the corpse before mummification was doubtless a practical necessity, but the ritual aspects of the washing were perhaps of greater significance. According to Egyptian belief, water held important purifying and life giving qualities. Each dawn was a repetition of the original birth of the sun god from the watery chaos of Nun... Hence lustration came to be closely associated with rebirth...A ritual purification was necessary before the dead king could ascend to heaven in the manner of his divine model the sun god... In some of the Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts (5th to 6th Dynasties) the dead king is identified with Osiris, and thereby was believed to experience rebirth just as the murdered god had done.

Every evening the aged sun entered the underworld and travelled through it, immersed in Nun, only to emerge at dawn as Khepri, the newborn sun. Thus, the waters of Nun had a rejuvenating, baptismal quality essential to rebirth.

• St. Patrick’s Day Parade & Irish Festival (Dogtown)
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  • The St. Patrick’s Day celebration in Dogtown is held annually on March 17. In addition to the Ancient Order of Hibernians Parade, Dogtown United coordinates an Irish Festival to highlight the unique spirit and vibrant history of the Dogtown neighborhood.
• St. Patrick’s Day Beer & Food Pairing at The Biergarten
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• Friday Night Irish Sessions at The Pat Connolly Tavern
  • March 17, 2023
  • Join others every Friday night for a rotating band of Irish session players! No cover. No tickets. Seating is first come, first served.

• Bellefontaine in Bloom
  • Spring 2023
  • Join others for a brisk spring walk through Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum! In the months of March, April, and May, Bellefontaine offers a two-hour walking tour of the cemetery and arboretum. This 2-hour walk will be led by one of their Master Guides who will convey highlights of the cemetery grounds, horticulture, and a variety of intriguing figures who call Bellefontaine their last address. Particular attention will be paid to the Horticulture side of the cemetery while in different levels of bloom during these spring tours.
• Family Night with Fredbird
  • Wednesdays
  • Join others at Cardinals Nation Restaurant & Bar for Family Night with Fredbird on select Wednesday evenings this off-season! Bring your family down for games, prizes, and meet Fredbird from 6:30-7:30pm.
• Ferguson Farmers’ Market
  • Every Saturday
  • Enjoy live music and special events in a festive family atmosphere, and discover a wide variety of edible delights, including homemade jelly, farm fresh eggs, honey, spices, and meats. You’ll also find an ever-changing array of gift and specialty vendors, selling everything from cut flowers and bedding plants to hand-painted artwork and small-batch soaps.
  • If it’s homemade, handmade or fresh and tasty, you can buy it at the Ferguson Farmers’ Market.
• Karaoke Wednesdays at HandleBar
  • Every Wednesday
  • Browse the catalog and find your favorite songs to sing! Songbookslive.com/stlredcarpet
• Karaoke Wednesdays at Mack's Bar & Grill
  • Every Wednesday
• Landmarks Downtown Walking Tours
  • Every Saturday
  • Landmarks Downtown St. Louis Walking Tours: History, Culture, Architecture, and Exercise: What could be better on a Saturday morning?
• Non-Player Character: A Live Musical in Virtual Reality (MX Movies)
  • March 17, 2023
  • MX Movies, OnBoardXR, and The United States Institute for Theater Technology is proud to present an immersive VR Experience to MX Movies and Bar. Actor, Brendan Bradley will be bringing Non-Player Character. A musical where the audience participates and the actors are in VR during the performance.
• Open Mic Night at Schlafly Bottleworks (Maplewood)
  • Every Wednesday
  • Join others every Wednesday evening and showcase your talents with our Open Mic Night! Open sign up begins at 6:30PM with music starting at 7:00PM. They welcome original material, covers and spoken word! Grab a beer, then play and listen every Wednesday! There are no cover charges and no drink minimums to attend.
• Soccer Pre-Match Street Party at Schlafly Tap Room
  • March 18, 2023
  • Join others before every City SC home match for a Street Party with the St. Louligans Soccer Supporters Group. They will block off the street next to the Tap Room (now known as Louligan Street) so fans can enjoy good beer, great food, music and fun before they march over to the stadium together.
• Soulard Farmer's Market
  • Wednesdays - Saturdays
  • Soulard Farmers Market is located at 730 Carroll Street in St. Louis, Missouri, a half mile north of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery. The market is open Wednesday through Saturday, year round. They feature locally grown and shipped in goods, including: produce, meats, cheeses, spices, gourmet kettle corn, flowers, baked goods, and general merchandise. There are also several different eateries that have many food options, which allows customers the convenience to grab a quick bite to eat and a drink while shopping.
• Sqwires Fish Fry Friday
  • Fridays (until April 7th)
  • Fried Cod, Baked Cod, Fried Shrimp, Whipped Potatoes, Sauteed Green Beans, Creamy Slaw, Dinner Roll, Clam Chowder, Pie & Cookies
• St. Louis CITY SC Pep Rally at Union Station
  • March 18, 2023
  • Come KICK IT with others as they get you pepped up for the St. Louis CITY SC soccer game! Bad Habit will be performing on the Purina Performance Stage from 3:30 to 6:30 pm! Oh and by the way there is a BattleHawk game at the dome at 6 pm!!! KA-KAW!! This will be an Epic party in downtown St. Louis!!
• St. Louis Jewish Film Festival
  • March 12 - 16, 2023
  • The J’s St. Louis Jewish Film Festival showcases national and international cinema that explores universal issues through traditional Jewish values, opposing viewpoints, and new perspectives. The Jewish Film Festival now offers year-round opportunities to experience Jewish films from around the world. In 2023, they return to an in-person experience at Marcus Des Peres Cinema!
• Thursday Nights at the Museum
  • Every Thursday
  • Kick off your weekend at the Missouri History Museum in Forest Park! Each Thursday Night at the Museum will be the most fun, engaging, uplifting, thought-provoking, perspective-shaping night of your week. And there are drinks.
  • Join us starting at 5:30pm for happy hour and pop-up activities, such as brief tours, games, and performances. The main stage comes to life at 6:30pm, light appetizers and drinks are available for purchase until 7:00pm, and the Museum’s exhibits are open until 8:00pm for you to explore!

1. The Belt Expressway that was supposed to run from Blasdell and Niagara Falls but only LaSalle and Milestrip Expressways were only constructed for the project.

1. The Lake Ontario State Parkway was supposed to connect to the Niagara Scenic Parkway and both were obviously built but never finished.

1. The I-990 which was supposed to end near the City of Lockport but they stopped at Millersport.

1. Also, why does it look like they were going to extend the 219 but you have to get off at Peters Road.

• 'Patrick's' name is actually Maewyn Succat

Bishop Tírechán’s writings: “I have found four names for Patrick written in a book in the hands of Ultán, bishop of Connor: the saint (was named) Magonus, that is: famous, Succetus, that is: god of war; Patricius, that is: father of the citizens; Cothirthiacus, because he served four houses of druids; and one of them, by name Miliuc moccu Bóin, a druid, bought him, and he served him for seven years in all submission and in work of all kinds, and he made him a swineherd in the mountain valleys.”
Muirchú moccu Machtheni’s text: “Patrick son of Calfornius had four names: Sochet when he was born, Cothriche when he was a slave, Mauonius when he studied, Patrick when he was consecrated.”

Three centuries before St. Patrick's time, the Roman Empire had conquered Britain. When Patrick was a boy, many of the people were Christians, living under Roman rule. The Roman Catholic religion, Roman customs, and Roman names all prevailed. The official language was Latin. Patrick's father was an official who worked for the Roman government. He was known by the Roman name Calpurnius. The family's name was English name was Succat, meaning clever in war. Patrick's first name was Maewyn. In his writing, he spoke of himself as patricius, meaning well-born in Latin. Patrick is the English form of this word. During Patrick's boyhood, the Roman Empire was near collapse and too weak to defend it's holdings in distant lands. Britain became an easy prey for raiders, including those who crossed the Irish sea from the land the Romans called Juverna. In English this word was Hibernia.

• In later hagiographical depictions, snakes were meant to represent pagans in Ireland.

Ireland, in breadth, and for wholesomeness and serenity of climate, far surpasses Britain; for the snow scarcely ever lies there above three days: no man makes hay in the summer for winter's provision, or builds stables for his beasts of burden. No reptiles are found there, and no snake can live there; for, though often carried thither out of Britain, as soon as the ship comes near the shore, and the scent of the air reaches them, they die. On the contrary, almost all things in the island are good against poison. In short, we have known that when some persons have been bitten by serpents, the scrapings of leaves of books that were brought out of Ireland, being put into water, and given them to drink, have immediately expelled the spreading poison, and assuaged the swelling.

Of all kids of reptiles only those that are not harmful are found in Ireland. It has no poisonous reptiles. It has no serpents or snakes, toads or frogs, tortoises or scorpions. It has no dragons, It has, however, spiders, leeches and lizards – but they are entirely harmless. Some indulge in the pleasant conjecture that Saint Patrick and other saints of the land purged the island of all harmful animals. But it is more probable that from the earliest times, and long before the laying of the foundations of the Faith, the island was naturally without these as well as other things.

• St. Patrick committed a mass genocide of indigenous Irish pagans.

In the knowledge of this faith in the Trinity, and without letting the dangers prevent it, it is right to make known the gift of God and his eternal consolation. It is right to spread abroad the name of God faithfully and without fear, so that even after my death I may leave something of value to the many thousands of my brothers and sisters – the children whom I baptised in the Lord.

Perhaps, however, when I baptised so many thousands of people, did I hope to receive even the smallest payment? If so, tell me, and I will return it to you. Or when the Lord ordained clerics everywhere through my poor efforts, and I gave this service to them for free, if I asked them to pay even for the cost of my shoes – tell it against me, and I will return it to you and more.

You all know, and God knows, how I have lived among you since my youth, in true faith and in sincerity of heart. Towards the pagan people too among whom I live, I have lived in good faith, and will continue to do so. God knows that I have not been devious with even one of them, nor do I think of doing so, for the sake of God and his church. I would not want to arouse persecution of them and of all of us; nor would I want that the Lord’s name should be blasphemed on account of me; since it is written: “Woe to the one through whom the name of the Lord is blasphemed.”

At times I gave gifts to kings, over and above what I paid to their sons who travelled with me. Despite this, they took me and my companions prisoner, and very much wanted to kill me, but the time had not yet come. They stole everything they found in our possession, and they bound me in iron. On the fourteenth day, the Lord set me free from their power; all our possessions were returned to us for God’s sake, and for the sake of the close friendship we had had previously.

The king awoke and ordered his vision to be taken to his foster-brother Dub Da Rinn son of the druid Saignen, and Dub Da Rinn gave him the meaning of it thus: “This is the ship wherein thou hast been, to wit, the ship of thy princedom on the sea of life, and thou steering it. This is the ship that foundered, and thy life is to come to an end. This is the taloned griffin that has carried thee into her nest, to wit, the woman that is in thy company, to make thee intoxicated, and to bring thee with her into her bed, and to detain thee in the house of Cletech so that it will burn over thee. Now the griffin that fell with thee is the woman who will die by reason of thee. This then is the significance of that vision.”

According to the 6th century First Synod of Saint Patrick, oaths were sworn in his (Druids) presence. By the time of the law-texts (7th-8th centuries) it is clear that the advance of Christianity had reduced his position to that of sorcerer or witch-doctor. He is discriminated against in law: Bretha Crolige insists that the druid (along with the satirist and brigand) is entitled to sick-maintenance only at the level of Maire no matter how great his rank, privilege or other rights. However, he retains enough influence to secure inclusion among the doernemeds of Uraicecht Becc. It is difficult to make any definite statement about the druids' role in society during our period. No records survive from them and others' accounts of their activities may be based on ignorance or prejudice. Their magic spells were certainly feared: an 8th century hymn asks God for protection from the spells of women, blacksmiths and druids.

Introduction

The Yom Kippur War

China

Ukaine, Russia, and Madeleine Albright

"When I first became president, I said that I would support Russian President Boris Yeltsin in his efforts to build a good economy and a functioning democracy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union—but I would also support an expansion of NATO to include former Warsaw Pact members and post-Soviet states. My policy was to work for the best while preparing for the worst. I was worried not about a Russian return to communism, but about a return to ultranationalism, replacing democracy and cooperation with aspirations to empire, like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. I didn’t believe Yeltsin would do that, but who knew what would come after him?"

Hillary Clinton

1. Tesla drivers who haven't bought the official CCS adapter yet. Certain older Teslas need additional work done to accept the adapter.
2. Leaf owners like me, and some owners of older cars that also use CHAdeMO. If you drive a Leaf, or an older CHAdeMO car, see my matching post in leaf.

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Broadway Glendale, CA 91210 Glendale Galleria 23 DCFC 100 W. Broadway Glendale, CA 91210 Glendale Galleria DCFC 24 100 W. Broadway Glendale, CA 91210 2700 Carson St 2724 Carson St Lakewood, CA 90712 Chase Bank - 3502 Katella Ave 3502 Katella Ave Los Alamitos, CA 90720 Cal State Los Angeles - Parking Structure E 5151 State University Dr Los Angeles, CA 90032 Manhattan Village at Sushi Bao 3110 N Sepulveda Blvd Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 VW HYUNDAI CPE250 #1 4620 McHenry Ave Modesto, CA 95356 VW HYUNDAI CPE250 #2 4620 McHenry Ave Modesto, CA 95356 Amazon Fresh Murrieta-MurrietaHotSprings DCFC 92563 Murrieta Hot Springs Rd Murrieta, CA 92563 ONTARIO HYUNDAI VEHICLE DISPLY2 1307 Kettering Dr Ontario, CA 91761 ONTARIO HYUNDAI VEHICLE DISPLY1 1307 Kettering Dr Ontario, CA 91761 Orick 121200 US Hwy 101 Orick, CA 95555 RINCON CENTER STATION 2 121 Spear St San Francisco, CA 94105 RINCON CENTER STATION 1 121 Spear St San Francisco, CA 94105 The Masonic P3 DCFC 1111 California Street San Francisco, CA 94108 Webster Street Medical Center Southwest DCFC 2100 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115 Webster Street Medical Center Northeast DCFC 2100 Webster Street San Francisco, CA 94115 Stonestown Galleria Peet's DCFC 3251 20Th Ave San Francisco, CA 94132 7037 – San Jose, CA (2375 Quimby Road) 2375 Quimby Road San Jose, CA 95122 DS-73 14061 Riverside Dr Sherman Oaks, CA 91423 Green Tree Inn 14173 Green Tree Blvd Victorville, CA 92395 Amazon Fresh Friendly Hills Marketplace 02 DCFC 15311 Whittier Blvd Whittier, CA 90603 ➡ CO KUM & GO DACONO PL2 127 Laura Way Dacono, CO 80514 KUM & GO DACONO PL1 127 Laura Way Dacono, CO 80514 Five Points Parking Lot 2530 N Washington St Denver, CO 80205 DC CORRIDOR ESTES PARK PL3 500 Big Thompson Avenue Estes Park, CO 80517 DC CORRIDOR ESTES PARK PL4 500 Big Thompson Avenue Estes Park, CO 80517 Peak Kia - 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Molly's Food & Fuel 113 Hilley Rd Crawfordville, GA 30631 STIVERS SUBARU ST 1 1950 Orion Dr Decatur, GA 30033 STIVERS SUBARU ST 2 1950 Orion Dr Decatur, GA 30033 NeSmith Chevrolet Buick GMC 1910 E Chenny St Jesup, GA 31546 GEORGIA POWER LOGANVILLE DC1 4752 Athens Hwy Loganville, GA 30052 GEORGIA POWER LOGANVILLE DC2 4752 US-78 Loganville, GA 30052 Target Marietta #T2121 1401 Johnson Ferry Rd Marietta, GA 30062 EDVOYHYU SALES PARKING 1 2098 Cobb Pkwy SE Smyrna, GA 30080 ➡ HI Ala Moana Center 15 DCFC 1450 Ala Moana Blvd Honolulu, HI 96814 Walmart 5274 (Pearl City, HI) 1131 Kuala St Pearl City, HI 96782 ➡ IA Sidney Downtown 505 Filmore Street Sidney, IA 51652 ➡ ID Loop - Northern Lights Inc Headquarters 421 Chevy St Sagle, ID 83860 ➡ IL Town & Country Center DCFC 02 325 E Palantine Rd Arlington Heights, IL 60004 PRIDE of Aurora 713 DCFC 1395 Butterfield Road Aurora, IL 60502 Water Tower Place DCFC 835 N Michigan Ave Chicago, IL 60611 Pride of Geneva DCFC 1166 E State Street Geneva, IL 60134 HYUNDAI NORTH CPE250 A 901 S Milwaukee Ave Libertyville, IL 60048 HYUNDAI NORTH CPE250 B 901 S Milwaukee Ave Libertyville, IL 60048 WORLD HYUNDAI LEVEL 3-01 5337 Miller Cir Dr Matteson, IL 60443 Amazon Fresh Naperville-Ogden DCFC 1351 E Ogden Ave Naperville, IL 60563 Chase Bank - 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Pleasant 116 N Mission St Mt Pleasant, MI 48858 Jule - Village of Port Austin 8861 Line St Port Austin, MI 48467 Burger King - Traverse City 2504 US 31 North Traverse City, MI 49686 ➡ MN Cobblestone Court Shopping Center DCFC 14150 Nicollet Ave Burnsville, MN 55337 GRAND RAPIDS CHEVROLET GMC INC 1610 SOUTH POKEGAMA AVENUE GRAND RAPIDS, MN 55744 Apple Auto 7200 Lakeville Boulevard Lakeville, MN 55044 ➡ MO 7950 State Hwy K Cape Girardeau 7950 State Hwy K Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 2017 Perryville Rd Cape Girardeau, MO 2017 Perryville Rd Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 2505 Veterans Memorial Dr Cape Girardeau, MO 2505 Veterans Memorial Dr Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 JLRCHESTERFIELD WALLBOX OUTSIDE 1 Jaguar Land Rover Way DC CHARGER North Park Chesterfield, MO 63005 LEVITON MACADOODLES 1 6050 Crossing Drive Osage Beach, MO 65065 LEVITON MACADOODLES 2 6050 Crossing Drive Osage Beach, MO 65065 SCH5701 SCH5701LEV3S 5701 Veterans Memorial Pkwy St. Peters, MO 63376 SCH5701 SCH5701LEV3N 5701 Veterans Memorial Pkwy St. Peters, MO 63376 ➡ NC Wegmans 11051 Ligon Mill Road DCFC 11051 Ligon Mill Road Wake Forest, NC 27587 ➡ ND NDAREC NDARECL3 3201 Nygren Dr NW Mandan, ND 58554 ➡ NJ NEW CHARGERS FRONT 3 180 US-202 Flemington, NJ 08822 NEW CHARGERS SIDE LV3 180 US-202 Flemington, NJ 08822 Commons at Holmdel DCFC 2130 State Route 35 Holmdel, NJ 07733 Gateway Shopping Center (NJ) DCFC 1014 Route 9 Old Bridge, NJ 08857 HYUNDAI DELIVER CHARGER 3 405 NJ-72 Stafford Township, NJ 08050 Pine Belt Cadillac Of Toms River 71 Route 37 East Toms River, NJ 08753 ➡ NY Wegmans 675 Alberta Drive DCFC 675 Alberta Drive Amherst, NY 14226 Amazon Fresh at Kohl's Center DCFC 3620 Long Beach Road Oceanside, NY 11572 Wegmans 3325 West Genesee Street DCFC 3325 West Genesee Street Syracuse, NY 13219 Thorpe's GMC 5964 MAIN ST TANNERSVILLE, NY 12485 EVolve NY Tully 7073 Route 281 Tully, NY 13159 ➡ OH Giant Eagle 3503 Polaris OH 9151 Columbus Pike Lewis Center, OH 43035 CLASSIC HYUNDAI WEST SIDE 8460 Tyler Boulevard Mentor, OH 44060 ➡ OK ADS-TEC - OnCue #129 5251 E Waterloo Rd Edmond, OK 73034 ➡ OR 2750 Campus Drive (US-QAW-WZM-1A) 2750 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601 2750 Campus Drive (US-QAW-WZM-1B) 2750 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601 2750 Campus Drive (US-QAW-WZM-1C) 2750 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601 2750 Campus Drive (US-QAW-WZM-2A) 2750 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601 2750 Campus Drive (US-QAW-WZM-2B) 2750 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601 2750 Campus Drive (US-QAW-WZM-2C) 2750 Campus Drive Klamath Falls, OR 97601 ➡ PA KELLY HYUNDAI HYUNDAI LEVEL 3 254 Pittsburgh Rd Butler, PA 16002 BDHDELIVERY CUSTOMER PRKNG 3901 Hecktown Road, Easton, (18045), PA Easton, PA 18045 BDHDELIVERY STATION1 3813 Hecktown Rd Easton, PA 18045 Red Lion Plaza DCFC 9950 Roosevelt Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19115 PIAZZA HYUNDAI LEVEL 3 RIGHT 1360 Wilmington Pike West Chester, PA 19382 PIAZZA HYUNDAI LEVEL 3 LEFT 1358 Old Wilmington Pike West Chester, PA 19382 ➡ RI Providence Place DCFC One Providence Place Providence, RI 02903 ➡ SC HOA CHARGERS 1 HYUNDAI CHRGR 1 1925 Pearman Dairy Rd Anderson, SC 29621 HOA CHARGERS 1 HYUNDAI CHRGR 2 1925 Pearman Dairy Rd Anderson, SC 29621 ➡ TN Andrews Cadillac Company 1 CADILLAC DRIVE BRENTWOOD, TN 37027 Park Motor Sales 919 Nashville Highway Columbia, TN 38401 ➡ TX MBBEAUMONT ABB STATION 1865 I-10 S Beaumont, TX 77707 PRINCIPLEAUTO22 STATION EV 1 32453 Frontage Rd Boerne, TX 78006 Shops at Clearfork - Orange Garage 5188 Monahans Ave Fort Worth, TX 76109 MB OF SANJUAN CPE250 01 400 E Expressway 83 San Juan, TX 78589 ➡ VA Sustain Abingdon 253 Depot Square SW Abingdon, VA 24210 HHMI APARTMENT C 1 19731 Janelia Farm Blvd Ashburn, VA 20147 Amazon Fresh at Lorton Marketplace 02 DCFC 9409 Lorton Market Street Lorton, VA 22079 Sudley Manor Square DCFC 7807 Sudley Road Manassas, VA 20109 HALL HYUNDAI NN STATION 1 12872 Jefferson Ave Newport News, VA 23608 HALL HYUNDAI NN STATION 2 12872 Jefferson Ave Newport News, VA 23608 ➡ WA Frederickson Place - Frederickson, WA DCFC 17710 Canyon Road East Puyallup, WA 98375 South Park 8461 Dallas Ave S Seattle, WA 98108 ➡ WI AMATO GLENDALE AMATO GLENDALE 5200 N Port Washington Rd Glendale, WI 53217 AMATO GLENDALE AMATO GLENDALE2 5200 N Port Washington Rd Glendale, WI 53217 AMATO GLENDALE FRONT N80W12650 Leon Rd Menomonee Falls, WI 53051 INT. AUTOS BMW NW CHARGER 2400 S 106th St West Allis, WI 53227 

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1. Kempty Falls: It is a famous waterfall located about 13 km from Mussoorie. The water cascades down from a height of 40 feet, creating a beautiful sight. You can take a dip in the cool water and enjoy the scenic beauty of the surroundings.
2. Gun Hill: It is a popular viewpoint located at an altitude of 2,024 meters. You can take a cable car ride to the top and enjoy the panoramic view of the Himalayas.
3. Mall Road: It is the main shopping area of Mussoorie and is lined with shops, restaurants, and cafes. You can stroll down the road and indulge in some retail therapy.
4. Lal Tibba: It is the highest point in Mussoorie, offering a panoramic view of the surrounding mountains. You can enjoy a trek to the summit and take in the breathtaking view.
5. Mussoorie Lake: It is an artificial lake located about 7 km from Mussoorie. You can enjoy boating and paddle boating in the lake, surrounded by scenic beauty.
6. Bhatta Falls: It is a beautiful waterfall located about 7 km from Mussoorie. You can take a dip in the cool water and enjoy the scenic beauty of the surroundings.
7. Cloud's End: It is a scenic spot located at the western end of Mussoorie. You can enjoy a trek through the forest and enjoy the natural beauty of the area.
8. Company Garden: It is a beautiful garden located about 3 km from Mussoorie. You can stroll through the garden, which is filled with colorful flowers and trees.
9. Camel's Back Road: It is a 3 km long road, shaped like a camel's hump. You can enjoy a leisurely walk along the road and enjoy the scenic beauty of the surroundings.
10. Jharipani Falls: It is a beautiful waterfall located about 7 km from Mussoorie. You can take a dip in the cool water and enjoy the scenic beauty of the surroundings.

I get a lot of emails and questions from readers and friends about whether I think the U.S. Dollar could collapse and start a bout of terrible hyperinflation. The questions are usually stemmed from watching an interview on TV with extremely biased energy/gold analysts. People who have every reason to sell you on hyperinflationary doom in order to make themselves a quick buck. I have no respect for these people, so I will not publish their names. They know who they are. I call them the "opportunistic hyperinflationists."
But there is another group of "inflationists" who I do respect greatly. Guys like Peter Schiff, Jim Rogers, Doug Casey and Jim Puplava. These guys have spent years, if not decades, railing against the growing debt bubble and warning that it would end badly. A large faction of the Austrian School of Economics (of which I consider myself a student) had been doing the same. They are the "ideological hyperinflationists."

However, this group of economists/pundits/analysts have been terribly wrong in predicting how this debt bubble would unfold. And I am certain that they will continue to be wrong as it continues and reaches its ultimate conclusion.

Typically, these folks have a fundamental dislike of our current system of currency. The feel it is immoral, illegal by the U.S. constitution and is doomed to failure as all paper currencies have been since the beginning of civilization. I agree with them on all counts. But as a function of their dislike for paper money, they have been enchanted by its most obvious replacement: gold. They carry it around with them and flash it at interviews. They become walking salesmen for the return to a gold standard. And they point to a rising price of gold as proof that they have been right all along.
They haven't and aren't.
Their arguments are usually the same. That in order for the massive amounts of debt to be repaid, the Federal Reserve and other central banks are going to have to resort to monetizing that debt via the "printing press." Their claims are well documented. Even the chairman of the Federal Reserve has promised to do this, should it prove necessary, earning him the nickname "Helicopter Ben" (after promising to drop money from helicopters to prevent deflation). And it appears he has already started. We can see it in their own figures. By now, I'm sure all of my readers are familiar with the Monetary Base "Hockey Stick" graph below that shows how the Fed has essentially doubled the monetary base in just a few short months. This, claim the inflationists, is visual evidence that hyperinflation is already occurring and will inevitably start showing up in everyday prices:

First and foremost is the apparent misunderstanding of the differences between money and credit.

At times, they may appear to have the same characteristics. At other times they act completely opposite from one another. As an economy is expanding, an increase in the total amount of credit would appear to have the same effect as an increase in physical dollars because credit is widely accepted as an equal to money. In a sense, they are the same. They are both "fiduciary media" (in english they are both a representation of something else, rather than having intrinsic value themselves).

But when the economy is contracting, the prospect of default is thrown into the equation. When this happens, money increases in value relative to credit. Money is more valuable than credit because in the event of default, the physical dollar holders are king. Yes, the U.S. treasury could default on it's obligations. Holders of treasury bonds would get a big, fat zero, while holders of physical currency would still have a claim. In effect, they act similar to a preferred share as opposed to common stock. They are a step above in terms of priority.

It is often said that we live with a "fiat currency" or with "paper money." This is not entirely accurate. A very small portion of our total supply of money and credit is in the form of physical currency. It depends on how you count it, but regardless, it is under 10% of the total. This is what differentiates our monetary system with that of Zimbabwe or Weimar Germany circa 1920's. Their economies were based on nearly 100% physical currency because nobody would accept the promises of government in order to issue credit.

The vast majority of our money supply is in the form of electronic credit. Electronic credit can be destroyed, while physical notes issued by a central bank cannot. This is why deflation is possible in a credit based monetary system, but not in a paper based monetary system.

There are hundreds of trillions of dollars floating around the world in credit. Much of that is an insurance contract on top of another insurance contract, on top of a securitized mortgage, on top of an asset. The total value of all the aggregate claims on the asset vastly outnumber the value of the asset itself. That is what this crisis is about at its very heart. Picture an inverse pyramid with assets occupying the bottom bit, securitized mortgages in the middle, and credit derivatives at the top. A stable economy would have a right-side-up pyramid with assets occupying the bottom, etc.

Our problem now, is not that the assets are going to go to zero. It's the value of the much larger derivatives and mortgages that back the assets going to zero. Their values were derived from faulty computer models that grossly underestimated risk in the underlying asset, but more importantly in the ability for a counterparty to make good on their promise in the event of a default.

So the next time you hear that the Federal Reserve is "printing money," please do not automatically assume that they are printing physical notes. They are creating electronic reserves (credit) to support the balance sheets of the big banks. There is absolutely nothing inflationary about this. The banks are simply taking it and using it to cancel out their derivative losses or are hoarding it in order to prepare for future losses. Previously, banks would have used the electronic reserves to go out and make 10x that amount in loans to consumers or businesses (in reality the order was the other way around - loans first, then reserves). That is not the case anymore, and until the bad assets are completely liquidated, it will not be the case again.

Thus far, we have a total of $9.7 Trillion dollars in total government/central bank assistance in the United States. An amount equal to that and more has been provided by their counterparts around the world. More is promised. But the fact remains that the minimal inflationary impact these actions have are negligible in comparison to the amount of "problem assets" being devalued around the world. Much of it is just in guarantees - that is, more insurance. The Federal Reserve will offer to swap good assets for bad. All this does is cancel out debt from somewhere else. It's like moving money from one pocket to another. The act of putting money in your right pocket does not make you any richer.

All in all, the central banks are not nearly as powerful as they'd have you believe. The amount of the total money supply that is controlled by them is minimal. They won't tell you that. They'd prefer you to think that just by them moving their lips they can affect the entire economy's decision making processes. It simply ain't so.

Closely tied to the belief in imminent hyperinflation and a skyrocketing gold price is the misplaced belief that the U.S. Dollar is on the brink of collapse. Essentially, they are one and the same. Many of my arguments against hyperinflation are the same against a dollar collapse. But there is even more evidence stacked against such an occurrence.
Ultimately, the Dollar will end up at zero - but that is not going to happen any time soon, and I would argue is likely decades away. Until then, the massive amounts of deleveraging will increase our appetite for dollars to pay back debt. There is too much credit in the system, and as we rid ourselves of it slowly, we need to acquire dollars. A large portion of the credit derivatives I mentioned above are denominated in dollars even though the underlying asset may be priced in another currency. This is a theoretical short position on the dollar. A "carry trade" in other words. It must be unwound, just like the Yen carry trade.

This is what is meant when we call the U.S. Dollar the world's "reserve currency." Most people hear the word "reserve" and automatically conclude that because many other countries hold the dollar as their primary currency in their foreign exchange "reserves," that is what is meant by "reserve currency." It is not. Total foreign exchange reserves of dollars are far smaller than total foreign credit contracts denominated in U.S. Dollars (reserves worldwide are "only" ~4.6 Trillion). It is the reserve currency because it is the default currency for international trade and commerce in general. In order for that to change, 100's of trillions in contracts would need to be re-written. Not practical.
As such, demand for U.S. Dollars will persist.
In summary, there are many multiples more debt than capital in the world economy. Debt is being liquidated and will continue to do so until it reaches a sustainable level relative to capital. The process of this debt liquidation puts a higher value on dollars relative to debt, thus ensuring an oversupply of dollars is impossible.

From 2022-11-19 to 2023-02-24

• Aaron Goodvin & Ryan Kinder - The Longer I Live
• Aaron Raitiere - I'll Never Love Again
• Abby Anderson & The 615 House - Circles
• Abe Partridge - Alabama Astronauts
• Abe Partridge - Young Love (alabama Skies)
• Adam Brand & Matt Cornell - Our Church
• Adam Hood - You Love Me Like That
• Alana Springsteen - you don't deserve a country song
• Alana Springsteen & BRELAND - For What It's Worth (feat. Alana Springsteen)
• Alec MacGillivray - Pick Up
• Alee - Love Songs
• Alex Smith - Crocodile Tears
• Alexandra Kay - Dammit
• Alison Krauss & High Valley - Do This Life
• Allie Colleen - Honest Man
• Allison Mahal - Adriene
• Allison Mahal - Jesus Christ
• Allison Ponthier - Character Development
• Amy Sheppard - Couple Goals
• Andy Grammer - These Tears
• Andy Velo - Boxed Wine
• Angie Stone - Kiss You
• Anna Vaus & Charlie Brennan - Over the Weekend
• Anne Wilson - Living Water
• Anslee Davidson - Forget Me Not
• Ashley Campbell - (I'll Do The) Remembering [Larry's Country Diner Season 16]
• Ashley Campbell - Arkansas Farmboy (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Ashley Campbell - Highwayman (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Ashley Campbell - Pancho & Lefty (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Ashley McBryde - Light On In The Kitchen
• Ashley McBryde & Carly Pearce - Never Wanted To Be That Girl (Live From Music City)
• Austin Plaine - Turn It Around
• Bailey Bryan - RIP
• Bailey Zimmerman - Fix'n To Break
• Bailey Zimmerman - Get to Gettin' Gone
• Bear Bailey - The Way You Say My Name
• Becca Bowen - Son of a Gun
• Bella White - Break My Heart
• Ben Chapman & Ben Chapman & Co. - Georgia Dreamin'
• Ben Kweller - I Have the Power
• Blane Rudd - Nothing Is The Same
• Blessing Offor - Rollin'
• Bo DePeña - Long Road to Denver (Live)
• Bo DePeña - New Year's Day
• Brad Cox - Acres
• Brad Cox - Old Skoolin'
• Brad Paisley - Same Here (Feat. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy)
• Brandon Davis - Fell For You
• Brandon Davis - One of Those
• Brandon Davis - See You In It
• Brandon Lay - Bulletproof
• Brett Eldredge - Hideaway (Studio Version)
• Brett Kissel - Never Have I Ever
• Brett Young & Ashley Cooke - Never Til Now - Wedding Version
• Brian Callihan - On Top Of The World
• Brit Taylor - Ain't a Hard Livin'
• Brittany Kennell - House and a Dog
• Brody Caster - Borrowed Guitar (Acoustic)
• Brody Caster - Gettin' You Home (Acoustic)
• Brody Caster - Once I Meet Her (Acoustic)
• Bryan Martin - Wolves Cry
• Caitlyn Smith - Lately
• Caitlyn Smith - The Great Pretender
• Cam Noble & ACTS of Nature & Calming Sounds of Nature - In The Rain
• Canaan Cox - Hate Me More
• Carly Pearce - What He Didn't Do (Live From Music City)
• Carolina Story - Animal
• Carolina Story - Magic
• Caroline Jones - Keep It Safe (feat. Alyssa Bonagura)
• Caroline Spence - Mary Oliver (Acoustic)
• Caroline Spence - There's Always Room (Alternate Version)
• Carter Lybrand - All Your Fault
• Carter Winter - The Cold West, Pt.1
• Casey Barnes - Summer Nights
• Casey Daniels Band - Carolina Blue
• Casey Penn - We Go Together Like a Guitar and a Fiddle
• Cat Clyde - I Feel It
• Cat Clyde - Papa Took My Totems
• Caylee Hammack - All Or Nothing
• Chad Bushnell - Whiskey to Work
• Chandler Ray - Out Of This Town (Acoustic)
• Chandler Ray - Summer Of '18 (Acoustic Version)
• Chandler Ray - You've Got The Key (Acoustic)
• Chandler Stephens - Days I Cry
• Channing Wilson - Gettin' Outta My Mind
• Channing Wilson - Sunday Morning Blues
• Chapel Hart - Glory Days
• Chapel Hart & Don Bartholomew - Tailgate Trophy (Remix)
• Charles Kelley - As Far As You Could
• Charles Wesley Godwin - Live from the Church
• Charles Wesley Godwin - The Jealous Kind (Live from the Church)
• Charlie Farley - Bellah Mine Road
• Charlie Farley - Once in a Blue Moon
• Chris Buck Band - She Gone
• Chris Hennessee - Me Missin You
• Chris Hennessee - Me Missin You (Acoustic Version)
• Chris Janson - All I Need Is You
• Chris Moreno - Take Me With You
• Chris Shiflett - Black Top White Lines
• Chris Young - Looking for You + All Dogs Go to Heaven
• Christie Huff - Breakup More Often
• Christine Kindred - Miss Patsy
• Clara Mae - When You're Young
• Clare Dunn - Flatbed Sessions (Acoustic)
• Clayton Mullen - Whiskey On It
• Cody Canada & Jesse Jeffers - Treasure Chest
• Cody Fry - I Hear a Symphony
• Cody Fry - Photograph
• Cody Hibbard - Looking Back Now
• Cody Webb - Crazy On Me
• Coffey Anderson & Station Little - Work Real Hard
• Colby Acuff - Western White Pines
• Cole Hartley - What You Mean To Me
• Cole Swindell - Drinkaby
• Colton Venner - Honey Slow (Acoustic)
• Conner Smith - Creek Will Rise
• Cooper Alan - Shoes Under My Bed
• Cooper Alan & The 615 House & Trey Lewis - Mexican Jail (feat. Thomas Mac, Trey Lewis & Cooper Alan)
• Corey Kent - '22 Tapes
• Corey Kent - Better Now
• Corey Kent - Man of the House
• Corey Smith - Still in the Running
• Cort Carpenter - Takes Its Time
• Courtney Patton - Telephone Line
• Craig Campbell - Tractor Songs
• Craig Wayne Boyd - ONE LINE AWAY
• Curtis Grimes - Fine By Me
• Curtis Grimes - Friends
• Curtis Grimes - Noah Built A Boat
• Cymple Man - Blackshear Bennett
• Cyndi Lauper & Dolly Parton & Belinda Carlisle - Gonna Be You (feat. Gloria Estefan and Debbie Harry)
• Dallas Smith - Singing In A Beer
• Dalton Dover - Giving Up On That
• Dan Lawrence - Go Ahead, Break My Heart
• Danno Simpson - Old Town Saturday Night
• Danny Paisley & The Southern Grass - What Crosses Your Mind
• Darius Rucker - Lift Me Up
• Dave Fenley - Stand by Me
• Dave Fenley & The Hello Darlins - Better Days (feat. Dave Fenley)
• David Adam Byrnes - One Two Step Away
• David Adam Byrnes - She Don't
• David James - Cars, Girls, And The Radio (Stripped)
• David Pugh - Damaged Ends
• David Pugh - Down the Stairwell - Side A
• David Tribble - Valentines Day (Live & Intimate)
• David Tribble & Tribe & King - Free Fallin'
• Davisson Brothers Band - Cross My Heart
• Dean Miller - What Are We Doing in Love?
• Devon Gilfillian - All I Really Wanna Do
• Dierks Bentley - Cowboy Boots
• Dierks Bentley - Same Ol' Me
• Dolly Parton - Don't Make Me Have To Come Down There
• Dolly Parton - The Last Thing on My Mind
• Dolly Parton & Cheat Codes - Bets On Us
• Dolly Parton & Dionne Warwick - Peace Like A River
• Dolly Parton & Olivia Newton-John - Jolene (feat. Dolly Parton)
• Donny Van Slee - Country Girl in You
• Drayton Farley - Above My Head
• Drayton Farley - Norfolk Blues
• Drew Dixon - Crooked Past
• Drew Gregory - Stuck
• Drew Holcomb & Ellie Holcomb - Bones
• Drew Parker - At The End Of The Dirt Road
• Dropkick Murphys - Cadillac, Cadillac (feat. Sammy Amara of Broilers)
• Dusty Moats - Honky Tonk Ways
• Dylan Marlowe - Record High
• Easton Chambers - Heartbreak Bender
• El Dorodo - Bed of Roses
• Eli Howard & The Greater Good - Low & Slow (Chapter 1)
• Elijah Ocean - Heart Replacement
• Elijah Ocean - Middle of a King-Size Bed
• Elle King - Tulsa
• Elle King - Worth A Shot (Live Version)
• Elvie Shane - Sympathy for the Devil
• Emily McGill - Better When I'm Drinking
• Emily McGill - I'm Done
• Emily Scott Robinson & OurVinyl - Emily Scott Robinson OurVinyl Sessions
• Emma White - The Only Girl in This Town
• Erika Baier - Snowy The Snowman
• Erin Enderlin - Weddings, Funerals, & Empty Hotel Bars
• Erin Enderlin - White Wine Fever
• Erin Kinsey - Boys In Boots
• Erin Kinsey - Handful / Already Broke Up
• Ethan Willis - I Can't Call It
• Frank Foster - Little More Nowhere
• Frank Vieira - Holy Smoke
• Gabby Barrett & Colton Dixon - Build a Boat (feat. Gabby Barrett)
• Gable Bradley - Heartbreaker
• Gavin Adcock - DEEP END
• Gavin Adcock - I Know A Good Time
• Gavin Adcock - I've Been A Stranger
• Gene Watson - Build My Mansion (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Gene Watson - Don't Waste It On the Blues (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Gene Watson - No Goodbyes (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Gene Watson - The Good Ol' Days Are Right Now (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Genevieve Fisher - Thank You Music
• George Birge - Cowboys Talkin'
• George Shingleton - Shot or Two
• Gord Bamford - One Heartbeat From Heaven
• Granger Smith & Matthew West - Greatest Hits
• Grant Gilbert & Josh Abbott Band - Six Pack State of Mind
• Greylan James - 2 Years Back
• Greylan James - My Future
• Haley Mae Campbell - Didn't Have to Drink (Piano Version)
• Haley Mae Campbell - Flowers (Country Version)
• Haley Mae Campbell & Presley & Taylor - Never Not a Good Time
• Hannah Blaylock - Catch the Wind
• Hannah Blaylock & Cody Belew - Married Alone
• Hannah Ellis - Someone Else's Heartbreak
• Hayden Baker - Just Talkin'
• Hippies And Cowboys - Bing Bang Boom
• Hippies And Cowboys - Moving On
• Home Free - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
• Houston Bernard - Ditch This Town
• Hunter Hayes - Sober
• Hunter Thomas Mounce - Angel's Share
• Ian Munsick - Dig
• Ian Munsick - Long Live Cowgirls (Me and a Fiddle)
• Ian Munsick - River Run
• Ingrid Andress - Treated Me Good
• Iris DeMent - The Sacred Now / How Long
• Iris DeMent - Workin' On A World / Goin' Down To Sing In Texas
• Jack Johnson & Lee "Scratch" Perry - Traffic In The Sky (Lee "Scratch" Perry x Subatomic Sound System Dub)
• Jackson Dean - Fearless (The Echo)
• Jacob Bryant & Chris Weaver Band - Circus
• Jaden Hamilton - Ruidoso
• Jake Dodds - Little Red Dress
• Jake Hoot - Endless
• Jake Owen - My Boots Miss Yours
• James Barker Band - Meet Your Mama
• Jameson Rodgers - Goin' Crazy + Holding Me Back
• Jason Benoit - VHS
• Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit - Death Wish
• Jason Michael Carroll - Pass It On Around
• JD Clayton & Jam in the Van - Jam in the Van - JD Clayton (Live Session, Nashville, TN, 2022)
• Jeb Gipson - Ain't Got the Heart
• Jeb Gipson - House in Heaven
• Jeff Canada - Blame It On Me
• Jenna DeVries - Unholy
• Jenna Paulette - You Ain't No Cowboy
• Jess Moskaluke - Not What Ya Think
• Jesse Slack - Oughta Be Outlawed
• Jessie Early & Women Who Worship & Worship Together - Great Mystery (Live)
• Jillian Cardarelli - Country Side
• Jillian Steele - Forget About Forgetting Me
• Jillian Steele - Sk8er Boi
• JJ Lawhorn - Heavy Hitter
• Joe Peters - That Ain't No Way To Go
• Joey Greer - She Gets Me
• Joey Hyde - Drunk Plans
• John 5 - Strung Out
• John Ashburn - Ride in a Truck
• John Fogerty - Joy Of My Life (Live)
• John King - Grow Up Grow Old
• Johnny and Heidi - The One Before the One
• Johnny Dailey - Over a Girl
• Jon Langston - Howdy Howdy Howdy
• Jonathan Terrell - Falling Snow in Santa Fe
• Jordan Allen & the Bellwethers - My Twenties
• Jordan Davis - Money Isn't Real
• Jordan Davis - No Time Soon
• Jordyn Delzer - Turquoise and Feathers EP
• Josh Abbott Band - Josh Abbott Band and Friends: , Vol. 2
• Josh Abbott Band - The Galway Girl
• Josh Gracin - You're On Fire
• Josh Logan - Good Life
• Josh Melton - Old
• Josh Mirenda - Wind Up
• Joshua Hedley - Counting All My Tears (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Joshua Hedley - Let Them Talk (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Joshua Hedley - Let's Take A Vacation (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Joshua Hedley - Mr. Jukebox (Larry's Country Diner Season 19)
• Joshua Quimby - Do-Nothin' Deadbeat
• Josiah and the Bonnevilles - Jersey Giant
• Josiah and the Bonnevilles - Skinny Love (Country Version)
• Joy Oladokun - Changes
• Julia Cole - Be The Whiskey (Acoustic)
• Julia Cole - Better Liar
• Julia Cole - Forever and Ever, Amen
• July Turner - To Georgia
• Justin Dukes - Ring for Sale
• Justin Moore - Stray Dogs
• Kailey Nicole - Good Years
• Kalsey Kulyk - Ain't Enough Whiskey
• Kameron Marlowe - Take Me Home (Voice Memo)
• Kane Brown & Katelyn Brown - Thank God (Spring Symphony)
• Karen Fairchild - Paramount
• Karen Jonas - Lay Me Down
• Karen Jonas - Paris Breeze
• Karen Jonas - Rock the Boat
• Karen O & Adanowsky - When The Angel Comes
• Karley Scott Collins - Petty in the 80s
• Kasey Tyndall & Dylan Marlowe - Place for Me
• Kassi Ashton - Drive You Out Of My Mind
• Kate Ellis - Other Side Of The Street (Radio Edit)
• Katie Cole - Maybe Memphis
• Katie Noel - Southern
• Katie Noel & Johnny Rich & Yesiwill - Tennessee Tilt
• Kaylee Bell - BOOTS 'N ALL
• Kaylee Rose - Stay Single
• Kaylin Roberson - Die First
• Kelsea Ballerini - Rolling Up the Welcome Mat
• Khalid & Dove Cameron - We Go Down Together (with Khalid)
• Kimmie Rhodes & Willie Nelson - Picture In a Frame (Side B)
• Kip Moore - Damn Love
• Kristen Kelly - The Devil
• Kristian Bush - Already Yours
• Kyle McKearney - Whispering Pines
• Kylie Morgan - Don't Stay Gone Too Long
• La Maquinaria Norteña - Eres Ese Algo (Remix)
• La Maquinaria Norteña - Yo Si La Cuidé
• La Maquinaria Norteña & La Furia del Bravo - Mi Persona Favorita
• Lainey Wilson - Spotify Singles
• Lainey Wilson - You Can't Always Get What You Want
• Lance Carpenter - Better Than Me
• Landon Heights - Do What You Gotta Do
• Larry Fleet - Daddy Don't Drink // Try Texas
• Lathan Bryant - Carolina Queen (Nashville Sessions)
• Lazy Wayne Band - Didn't Matter Anyway
• Leah Marie Mason - Holy Water
• Lee Hazlewood & Nancy Sinatra - Think I'm Coming Down
• Lera Lynn - The Garden (From Endless Dungeon)
• Levi Hummon - Rent Free
• Levi Jameson - Spending My Nights Alone
• Lexie Hayden - Might Be You
• LOCASH - Three Favorite Colors
• Logan Halstead - Good Ol' Boys with Bad Names
• Logan McKeighen - Indiana and Me
• Logan Michael - Another Go
• Logan Michael - Whiskey Serenade
• Logan Tucker - That's How It's Done
• Lori McKenna & Luke Laird & Barry Dean - Diamond Rings and Old Barstools
• Lost Hollow - Dear Dear Miss Lee
• Lucas Hoge - Nowhere
• Lucero - Macon If We Make It
• Lucie Tiger - Home Is Where The Heart Is
• Lukas Graham & Mickey Guyton - Home Movies
• Lukas Nelson & Norah Jones - Set Me Down On A Cloud (with Lukas Nelson) (From "Norah Jones is Playing Along" Podcast)
• Luke Combs - Growin' Up and Gettin' Old
• Luke Combs - Joe
• Luke Combs - Love You Anyway
• Luke Grimes - No Horse To Ride (demo version)
• Lzzy Hale & Daughtry - Separate Ways (Worlds Apart)
• Mac Powell - New Creation
• Mackenzie Carpenter - Don't Mess With Exes
• Mackenzie Carpenter - Jesus, I'm Jealous (Acoustic)
• Mae Estes - Before the Record
• Mae Estes - Run
• Maggie Baugh - I Met You
• Mandi Sagal - One Less Broken Heart
• Margo Price - Shotgun Willie
• Mario Flores - I Can't Drink 'Em Like I Used To
• Martin McDaniel - Boys Back Home
• Marty Stuart & Marty Stuart And His Fabulous Superlatives - Altitude
• Mason & the Gin Line - Leaves of Fall
• Mason Lively - Someone Else
• Matt Gatewood - So Do We
• Matt Jordan - Love Was Enough
• Matt Schuster - If I Was A Cowboy (Stripped)
• Matt Schuster - Wasted Prayers
• Matt Stell - One Of Us
• Matthew Mayfield - Ring of Fire
• Matthew Wayne - Reckless
• Matthew Wayne - Wrong Side of the Bed
• Meg McRee - Tried & True
• Megan & Liz - Taught Me to Love (From The Vault)
• Megan Davies - What's up?
• Megan McKenna - Auld Lang Syne
• Megan McKenna - Silent Night
• Megan Moroney - I'm Not Pretty
• Meghan Patrick - She's No Good for Me
• Michael Shynes - Little Lilly
• Michael Shynes & Almost Weekend & Konn - Nice Face (Konn Remix)
• Michael Shynes & Swell Scenic - Can't Help Falling in Love
• Michael Shynes & Swell Scenic - Go Easy On Me
• Mitchell Tenpenny & Cheat Codes - What's It Gonna Take
• Mitchell Tenpenny & Steven Curtis Chapman - Don't Lose Heart
• Mo Pitney & CLINE - Worthy One
• Moe Bandy - Bandy The Rodeo Clown (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Moe Bandy - Beautiful You, Lucky Me (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Moe Bandy - It's A Cheatin' Situation (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Moe Bandy - Too Old To Die Young (Larry's Country Diner Season 16)
• Molly Tuttle & Golden Highway & Molly Tuttle - good 4 u / Dooley's Farm (Spotify Singles)
• Morgan Johnston - Like It's His Job
• Morgan Wade - The Night: The Collection
• Morgan Wallen - 3 Songs At A Time Sampler
• Murphy Elmore - If It's Over It's On
• Muscadine Bloodline - Inconvenience Store
• Muscadine Bloodline - Teenage Dixie
• Music Travel Love - Sweet Child O' Mine
• Music Travel Love - Truly Madly Deeply
• Nate Fredrick - Daydream
• Nate Fredrick - Paint the Town
• Nate Fredrick - Shortcut To Waco
• Nate Smith - Better Boy + Oil Spot
• Nate Smith & MOTi - Whiskey On You (MOTi Remix)
• Nefesh Mountain - Revival
• Niall Horan - Heaven
• Niall Horan - Hidden Gems
• Nicholas Jamerson - Holler Child
• Nicholas Jamerson - Watching the Fire Burn
• Nick Norman - Wildflowers in Whiskey Bottles
• Nick Wayne - I Don't Get Out Much
• Nikita Karmen - Deep Cuts
• Noah Hicks - I Can Tell You're Small Town (The Back Home Version)
• Noah Hicks - Making Up My Mind (The Back Home Version)
• October Rose - Heat Wave
• October Rose - Hits Home
• Old Dominion - Memory Lane
• Old Dominion - Memory Lane (Sampler)
• OurVinyl & Tami Neilson - Tami Neilson OurVinyl Sessions
• P!nk - TRUSTFALL
• P!nk - When I Get There
• Palmer Anthony - Sleep, My Mind & You
• Parker McCollum - I Ain't Going Nowhere
• Patrick B Ray - Pancho and Lefty
• Payton Howie - Crazy 'Bout Her
• Payton Smith - Missed the Boat
• PJ North - Keep The Car Running
• PJ North - WYDRN?
• Priscilla Block - Me Pt. 2
• RaeLynn - It's Happening Right Here (Music from the Original Documentary)
• Ragland - You've Got a Friend in Me
• Raleigh Keegan - I Hate Country Music
• Raleigh Keegan - Where We Are
• Randy Carson - Daddy's Song
• Raul Malo & Kelley Mickwee - Tennessee Valentine
• Ray Scott - In Pictures
• Reyna Roberts - Another Round
• Reyna Roberts - Another Round (feat. Tayler Holder)
• Ri Wolf - Deliver Me
• Ri Wolf - Hummingbird
• Riley Green & Thomas Rhett - Half Of Me (Acoustic)
• River Town Saints - Breaking Up
• River Town Saints - Goodbye Ain't a Game
• RMR & Johan Lenox - No One Gets Me (Chamber Version)
• Rob Baird - Maybe Tonight (Memphis Sessions)
• Rob Baird - Memphis Sessions
• Rob Mayes - humble pie
• Rob Mayes - no other
• Robby Johnson - Love You Kinda Wine
• Rodell Duff - Something To Do With You
• Ron Pope - A Drop in the Ocean (Sped Up Version)
• Ruston Kelly - Mending Song
• Ruston Kelly - The Weakness
• Rusty Truck - Be On My Side
• Rusty Truck - Find My Way
• Ry Bradley - Miss Treat Me Right
• Ryan Follese & Kjersti Long - IDC (Ask Me If I Care)
• Ryan Kinder & Aaron Goodvin - The Longer I Live
• Ryan Laird - Legacy
• Ryan Waters Band - Stayin' Quit
• Sacha & Tyler Shaw - Confident
• Sam Hunt - Walmart
• Sam Munsick - 1922
• Sam Munsick - I-80 Lady
• Sam Munsick - Old Montana
• Sandra McCracken & Anchor Hymns & Village Lights - Ancient of Days
• Sandra McCracken & Matt Papa & Laura Story - Once In Royal David's City
• Sara Berki - Heartline
• Sarah Allison Turner - Lemonade
• Sarah Hobbs - Roof over My Head
• Sarah Lake - Killing Me Softly with His Song (Cover)
• Savannah Rae - 'Til I Can Make It On My Own
• Scott Ballew - Middle Age Crazy
• Sean Stemaly - Man Down
• Seth Ward - Since You've Been Gone
• Seth Ward - Valentine
• Shaker Hymns - Love in a Bottle
• Shania Twain - Giddy Up!
• Shawn David - Been Better
• Shawn David - Been Better (Extended)
• Shaylen - Do It Right The First Time
• Shefton Kash - Forever's Not As Long As It Used To Be
• Shelby Darrall - Happy First (live one take)
• Shenandoah - Revival
• Sierra Ferrell - In Dreams (Sped Up)
• SJ McDonald - Rosemary
• Smithfield - Hope You're Happy
• Smithfield - Hope You're Happy (Acoustic)
• Sophia Scott - Her
• Sophia Scott - Her (undone)
• Sophia Scott - Red Dress
• Southbound 75 - That Summer
• Steven Lee Olsen - Outta Yours
• Stevenson Everett - Shade of Red
• Struggle Jennings - Hard to Hate
• Styles Haury - Small Town Everytime
• Tanner Usrey - Take Me Home
• Taylor Acorn - I Think I'm in Love
• Taylor Acorn & NOTHING MORE - YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT LOVE MEANS (feat. Taylor Acorn) [Piano Version]
• Taylor Edwards - Petty
• Taylor Hicks - Porch Swing
• Taylor Swift & Felix Jaehn - Lavender Haze (Felix Jaehn Remix)
• Teague Brothers Band - Buckskin Gelding (The Truer Tale)
• Tebey - Country Music Kinda Night
• Teddy Robb - Stay Single
• Tenille Arts - Last Time Last
• Tenille Townes - Live Sessions
• Tenille Townes & Bryan Adams - The Thing That Wrecks You
• The Band Of Heathens - Don't Let the Darkness
• The Band Of Heathens - Heartless Year
• The Band Of Heathens - Stormy Weather
• The Cadillac Three & Ketch Secor - Hillbilly (featuring Elvie Shane and Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show)
• The Chainsmokers & Cheyenne Giles - Make Me Feel
• The Fisk Jubilee Singers & Wyn Starks - At The End Of The River
• The Fisk Jubilee Singers & Wyn Starks - Circles
• The Fisk Jubilee Singers & Wyn Starks - Dancing My Way
• The Infamous Stringdusters - I'd Rather Be Alone
• The Lacs & Murphy Elmore - Hellraisers in Heaven
• The Last Bandoleros - Let It Show
• The Lone Bellow - Honey (Piano Version)
• The Milk Carton Kids - All of the Time in the World to Kill
• The Mother Hips - Room Four
• The Panhandlers - Valentine, For Valentines
• The Prairie States - Waiting On You (Acoustic)
• The Red Iron Push - Damn It All
• The Red Iron Push - Leanne
• The Red Iron Push - Three or Four (Live)
• The Shootouts - I'll Never Need Anyone More (feat. Raul Malo)
• The Shootouts - One Step Forward (feat. Ray Benson & Asleep at the Wheel)
• The Swon Brothers - Cowboy Amen
• The Tuten Brothers - Downer
• The Vegabonds & Womz - Kids
• The War and Treaty - Ain't No Harmin' Me
• The Wood Brothers - Pilgrim
• Thomas Rhett - Angels (Don't Always Have Wings)
• Thomm Jutz & Tim Stafford - The Blue Grays
• Tigirlily Gold - Shoot Tequila
• Tim Hill - The Irish Sea
• Todd Cameron - Again
• Tom Morello & Måneskin - GOSSIP (feat. Tom Morello)
• Tony Evans Jr. - Need Somebody
• Tori Darke - Dodged a Bullet
• Travis Feutz - Cowboy Songs
• Travis Feutz - George Jones
• Trea Landon - Whatcha Know Good
• Trevor Martin - Can't Call You Beautiful
• Troy Cartwright - Unlove You
• Tucker Beathard - Who I Am With You
• Ty March. - ONLY 1
• Ty March. & Jgriff & DatKidEli - Caught Up
• Tyler Booth - Real Real Country
• Tyler Braden - Neon Grave
• Tyler Cain - Dark Side Of Dreaming
• Tyler Dial - Sad That I'm Happy
• Tyler Farr - Country As Shit (feat. Jelly Roll)
• Tyler Hubbard - Me For Me
• Upchurch - Heavier Rain
• Vincent Mason - A Little Too Good
• Vincent Neil Emerson - Bloody Mary Morning
• Walker County - Mirror Mirror
• Walker County - No Smoke and Mirrors
• Ward Thomas - All Over Again
• Ward Thomas - Loved By You
• Ward Thomas - Next To You
• Warren Zeiders - West Texas Weather
• Wayland - We Were Here
• Wes Mack - Lookin for You
• Willie Nelson - Streets Of Baltimore
• Willie Nelson - Tiger By The Tail
• Willie Shaw - Fairytale
• Willie Shaw - Roll the Dice
• Wyatt Flores - Break My Bones
• Wyatt Flores - Losing Sleep (Revisited)
• Zach Bryan & Maggie Rogers - Dawns (feat. Maggie Rogers)
• Zach Top - Busy Doin' Nothin'
• Zachary Lucky - Zachary Lucky sings Copper Kettle and Dublin Blues
• ZG Smith - Nighttime Animal
• ZG Smith - Sure Thing
• Zoë Nutt - Say What You Wanna Say

• Aidan Canfield - We're Young, Alright
• Ariel Posen - Mile End ll
• Ben Chapman & Ben Chapman & Co. - Amber Sound, Vol. 1
• Ben Gallaher - Country in the House
• Blessing Offor - My Tribe
• Brandon Ratcliff - Tale Of Two Towns
• Brett Kissel - The Compass Project - South Album
• Brit Taylor - Kentucky Blue
• Bryan Adams - Cuts Like A Knife - 40th Anniversary, Live From The Royal Albert Hall
• Callista Clark - Real To Me: The Way I Feel (Deluxe Edition)
• Casey Penn - One Step Away
• Cat Clyde - Down Rounder
• Channing Wilson - Dead Man
• Chase Rice - I Hate Cowboys & All Dogs Go To Hell
• Cort Carpenter - All In
• Craig Campbell - The Lost Files: Exhibit A
• Dierks Bentley - Gravel & Gold
• Don Louis - This Is for You
• Dropkick Murphys - This Machine Still Kills Fascists (Expanded Edition)
• Easton Corbin - Let's Do Country Right
• El Dorodo - Unincorporated
• Elle King - Come Get Your Wife
• ERNEST - FLOWER SHOPS (THE ALBUM): Two Dozen Roses
• Filmore - Mean Something
• Gene Watson - A Way To Survive (Original Step One Records Recordings)
• Gene Watson - The Good Ole Days (Original Step One Records Recordings)
• Greensky Bluegrass - Courage For The Road: Fall 2021 (Live)
• HARDY - the mockingbird & THE CROW
• Hunter Hayes - Normal
• Inigo Pascual - Lockdown Sessions
• Iris DeMent - Workin' On A World
• James Reed - Songs from Momma's Pen
• James Reed - The Future Ain't What It Used To Be
• Jason Evans - Airport Lounges, Vol. 3: the Serenity Terminal
• JD Clayton - Long Way From Home
• Joey Hyde - I Made a Record
• John Hampson - Demo Dump 2006-2011
• Jordan Davis - Bluebird Days
• Josiah and the Bonnevilles - 2022 (Commentary)
• Josiah and the Bonnevilles - Country Covers
• Kimmie Rhodes & Willie Nelson - Picture In a Frame (Deluxe Edition)
• La Maquinaria Norteña - Al Derecho Y Al Reverso (Deluxe)
• Larry Sparks - New Highway (Remastered)
• Lucas Sousa - Aces & Eights
• Lucero - Should've Learned by Now
• Lukas Graham - 4 (The Pink Album)
• Margo Price - Strays
• Matt Jordan - The Gamble (Deluxe Edition)
• Michael Shynes - Fly Over Country
• Moe Bandy - Thank You Lord
• Muscadine Bloodline - Teenage Dixie
• Neal McCoy - The Warner Years
• P!nk - TRUSTFALL
• Peyton Parrish - The Most Magical Album On Earth
• Pony Bradshaw - North Georgia Rounder
• Priscilla Block - Welcome To The Block Party (Deluxe)
• Randy Carson - Life is Good
• Ri Wolf - Randall County Reverb
• Rob Mayes - Ain't Nothin' To See Here
• Rusty Truck - Rusty Truck
• Sammy Arriaga - PIXELATED
• Shakey Graves - Deadstock - A Shakey Graves Day Anthology
• Shania Twain - Queen Of Me
• Steve Earle - The Complete Warner Years
• Sundy Best - Feel Good Country
• The Mother Hips - When We Disappear
• The Shootouts - Stampede
• The Tuten Brothers - So Far So Good
• Thomm Jutz & Tim Stafford - Lost Voices
• Tim Hill - Giant
• Tyler Hubbard - Tyler Hubbard
• Whitehorse - I'm Not Crying, You're Crying
• Zach Bryan - All My Homies Hate Ticketmaster (Live from Red Rocks)

Class Discussion:

1. Review the assignment on the concept of “boasting.”
2. Is all boasting bad? Is it always good?
3. Who should boast? Who should not boast?
4. In what should someone boast? In what should a person not boast?
5. Summarize when a person should boast and when he should not.

A Lack of Maturity (I Corinthians 3:1-4)

Different Preachers, But Fellow Laborers (I Corinthians 3:5-9)

Literary Styles: Metaphor

The Master Builder (I Corinthians 3:10-15)

The Temple of God (I Corinthians 3:16-17)

Class Discussion:

1. How is the presence of the Spirit seen in the Christian?
2. How does the Spirit influence our behavior?
3. In this context, in what ways can a Christian defile the temple of God?
4. What other things would defile the temple of God?

Don’t Boast in Men (I Corinthians 3:18-23)

Concept Study: Judging

1. Make a list of all the verses in I Corinthians where some form of the word “judge” or its synonyms are used.
   1. Jot beside each reference what you learn from the verse about judging.
   2. Organize those ideas. Which verses address the ideas of who, what, where, when, why, and how?
   3. Write a paragraph about what “judging” means, addressing who, what, where, when, why, and how.

https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/16109/Buscemi_Joseph.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=n

“In the mid-1980s a “growing sense of frustration” was building within the Home Office as they realized they could never capture the nation’s attention as convincingly as popular culture.41 One week of television specials on nuclear war did more to encourage shelter sales (intentionally or not) than four years of government media.42 The history of the British anti-civil defence films can be traced back to The War Game, the influential docudrama by director Peter Watkins. Filmed in 1964 for the BBC, who controversially decided not to air the film after seeing the finished product. The BBC of the 1960s operated under a much more conservative mandate that the BBC of the 1980s. Twenty years later, in 1984, The War Game finally premiered on the BBC during After The Bomb Week, a weeklong lineup of anti-nuclear programming which also debuted the similar film, Threads.
Also premiering that week was an American anti-nuclear docudrama, The Day After. All three films took the form of exposition around a nuclear Armageddon. The War Game, in the style of a documentary film crew providing information and images of a shattered and burned post-attack civilization; The Day After with a more traditional disaster-movie narrative though still factually based; and Threads, a hybrid of the two, a narrative story following characters struggling to survive, but also containing researched text overlays and voiceovers.
Directed by the acclaimed Nicholas Meyer for ABC television in 1983, The Day After can be called the American Threads (or Threads can be called the British The Day After, if you prefer). The two tv films are remarkably similar in production, performance and even
41 TNA: HO 322/1024, “Proposed Civil Defence Film,” April 11, 1983. 42 “Why Nuclear Shelters Are Booming,” The Times, October 10, 1984.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
distribution. The Day After was a sensation, shocking the Britain and North America alike, becoming an unforgettable Cold War moment, shared by millions around the globe. Over 100 million viewers tuned in to the ABC Sunday Night Movie to see the destruction of America. The Day After, as with Threads, became a cultural watershed and a mainstay of modern 1980s documentaries. The 46-rating share recorded for The Day After makes it the highest rated (as in percentage of the nation watching simultaneously) tv film of all time, to this day.43
Both films captured the fear and paranoia of people living under the threat of the Bomb. The TV films were depicted with such terrifying reality, they caused physical illness in many susceptible viewers, particularly children, who suffered greater nuclear anxiety than previous generations.44 The films were one of a kind examples of event-television, a cultural happening that had real-life implications after the broadcast. For The Day After, US Secretary of State George Schultz recorded an after credits message assuring the nation that the Reagan Administration was doing everything in its power to avoid nuclear war. This recording played after a post credit text that explained that the film actually downplayed the effects of nuclear war for narrative purposes.45
The similarities continued as both the BBC, ABC (and their Canadian affiliates) anticipated the terrifying effect the films would have on national psyches. Before the premier of The Day After ABC warned viewers with a somber introduction from one of the film’s actors, John Cullum. For Threads, the BBC had host John Tusa caution the British public on the distressing nature of what they were about to see. In North America, TBS owner Ted Turner
43 “Top 100 Rated TV Shows Of All Time,” TV By The Numbers (blog), March 21, 2009, https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/reference/top-100-rated-tv-shows-of-all-time/.
44 Gunter and Wober, “Television Viewing and Public Perceptions of Hazards to Life.”
45 Daniel Cordle, Late Cold War Literature and Culture: The Nuclear 1980s (Springer, 2017), 112.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
advised viewers that their intention is not to frighten, but to inspire world peace with graphic depictions of nuclear war. In Canada, Vancouver’s CKVU president Peter Weissbach, informed the audience that the decision to air Threads was not an easy, but it was necessary. CKND
Winnipeg’s viewers were greeted by station president DC Brinton, who cautioned: “you will not be watching a pleasant drama ... it makes [The Day After] look like a walk in the park” (Figure 30). Both films aired without commercials (standard for BBC but unique to American television) and ABC had counselling hotlines pre-arranged, something never done to date, and never repeated since. ABC provided a 1-800 number for traumatized viewers while the CND provided advanced leaflets with their own counselling number. British author Chas Newkey-Burden recalled becoming physically ill after viewing Threads as an 11-year-old, so much so that he
Figure 30 Words of Caution: Many networks felt a need to warn viewers about the disturbingly graphic depictions of nuclear war they were about to witness in Threads. (Clockwise from top left): John Tusa on BBC2, prefilm text on CKVU Vancouver, DC Brinton on CKND Winnipeg, and Ted Turner on WTBS.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
formed a CND branch the next morning with fellow youth who were more “petrified than political”.46
Both films were followed by a live televised debate on nuclear weapons, reflecting both the politicizing and sensationalizing of civil defence. Americans watched Viewpoint, hosted by Ted Koppel, while the British witnessed the Newsnight Debate with John Tusa. In terms of influence, the edge may go to the American film, however. Ronald Regan recorded that he felt “greatly depressed” after the film. An unsubstantiated rumour has it that the film lead directly to Regan signing the impactful Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Soviet Leader Gorbachev. The anecdote is referenced in many peer-reviewed books, though director Nicholas Meyer maintains that tale was apocryphal.47
While both films premiered the same night for British audiences, their content, though very similar, were said to have differences characteristic of each nation. Though apocalyptic, The Day After contained a difficult to quantify, vague optimism that was not present in Threads. The Day After ended with the main character, though badly wounded, walking towards the next town, intent on helping the rebuilding effort. Threads went to great lengths to portray the end of Britain, and British society, entirely. One British critic described moral distinctions as The Day After being “tainted” by subtle hope and optimistic American sensibilities, turning the film into yet another disaster-movie.48
In 1984, one British entrepreneur was building a luxury nuclear shelter and selling occupancy at £3000 plus annual fees. The day after Threads, he was able to double his rate.49
46 Dan Stone, The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History (OUP Oxford, 2012), 459.
47 The Oxford Handbook ... also recounts the anecdote as fact.
48 Jim Dyer et al., “Medicine And The Media,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 289, no. 6449 (1984): 914–15.
49 Evans, “A Doorway to Life after Doomsday?,” 1984.
362Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
One review of the Threads summed up the film with one word, “Horror”.50 Russell Hoban, author of Riddley Walker, a post-nuclear dystopian play and novel (see above), recalled his experience attending a preview screen of Threads. The preview audience was said to have left in total silence, still recovering from the vaporization of British civilization. Threads was so effective, according to Hoban, that “it cancelled all aesthetic distance between our unthinking and the unthinkable”.51 Another Listener critic recalled that the BBC did not permit QED: A Guide to Armageddon to visualize the deterrent failing, and evidently, times were more permissive two years later as it failed catastrophically in Threads. Cultural critic Benjamin Woolley was shocked by the “suffering without understanding” that the characters had faced. It recalled for him the characters in When the Wind Blows, both attempting to survive with “the laughably inadequate” advice in the Government pamphlet Protect and Survive. Woolley found Threads the scarier of the two tv films, as the war in Threads progressed so subtilty, it was entirely plausible. The imagery of Threads was “powerful and disturbing,” with the bureaucrats worse than useless, and British society rapidly descending into the worst primitivism.52
Critic John Naughton was less impressed than most. He found not much new being brought to the nuclear destruction table, though he admired the effort of Threads. Naughton found the film predictable, though better than The Day After. Naughton may have simply been attempting to be a contrarian however, as he is of the lone opinion that the annihilation in Threads was actually overoptimistic in its portrayal of the moribund society operating as they
50 Peter Davalle, “Today’s Television and Radio Programmes,” The Times, September 24, 1984.
51 Russell Hoban, “Russell Hoban: A Personal View of Threads,” The Listener, September 27, 1984, 3. 52 Benjamin Woolley, “Drama,” The Listener, September 20, 1984.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
would have in the middle ages. Naughton also wondered how a plastic Sainsbury bag could look so fresh thirteen years after a nuclear attack.53
JK Huston, County Emergency Planning Officer for West Sussex Council, wrote to F6 to inform them that he and his staff had recently watched Threads. The Council believed a companion film should be created, taking place in a county where the Bomb did not strike, showing the importance of civil defence. Huston did not provide any ideas on how a film of people surviving a nuclear attack just fine would be very compelling.54
The following year, the Central Office of Information conducted an interview of 80 people for their thoughts on civil defence. Some of the most common opinions were that it was, “run by military, controlled by government, secretive and elitist, cold, inhuman, futile and somewhat absurd”. The absurd comment concerned COI, and they pushed further, replies were broken down to opinions that “mentioned the ‘daft advice’ in Protect and Survive, while others had seen it parodied on tv shows”. Ultimately, COI considered scrapping the survey results as one of the most common factors shared amongst respondents was that they had seen a repeat of Threads a few weeks earlier and associated it with official civil defence. 55
Directed by Mick Jackson and written by Barry Hines, Threads became notorious for its graphic depictions of nuclear attack and for traumatizing a nation. Mick Jackson had also created the slightly traumatic QED. The early shots of shredded pumpkins were a source of inspiration for Threads. As with The Day After, Threads was credited with forcing some Britons to seek psychological counselling the morning after, a testament of the film’s visceral impact. While The
53 John Naughton, “Television,” The Listener, September 27, 1984.
54 TNA: HO 322/1024, “Civil Defence Film,” February 12, 1985.
55 TNA: INF6/2490, “Civil Defence: Preliminary Attitudinal Research,” September 5, 1985.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
War Game focused on the unnamed people of Kent, Threads followed the lives of a couple, Jimmy and Ruth, and their connected families.
The film was memorably set in Sheffield, much to the delight for some Sheffielders, though it was purposely filmed to have been any British town, Jackson hoped to instill fear in every viewer. Sheffield also served as a transit and industry hub to the rest of Britain, the centre of the nation, a gateway between the North and South, East and West. Threads was a wonderfully insightful title, capturing all the delicate and fragile connections that made modern life possible, and how easily they could be severed. This is brought to life by the opening shot of a spider weaving a fine web, with power and phone cables superimposed.
The narrator makes their first voiceover as the web is woven informing the viewer: “In an urban society, everything connects. Each person’s needs are fed by the skills of many others. Our lives are woven together in fabric. But the connections that make a society strong also make it vulnerable”. An ideal introduction to the film the viewer is about to consume, already forcing a realization of the kind of devastation that would befall a developed nation like Britain, without its many threads of connection. Jackson went to considerable lengths to obtain civil defence plans from the Home Office and made constant reference to Protect and Survive.56
A web also served as a visual representation of Britain’s wartime communications system. Jimmy and Ruth are introduced, him an affable chap and her a sweet British girl. They sit in their car, precariously balanced on the edge of a cliff, providing a beautiful view of Sheffield. They are connected to the nation through the radio, informing them of the latest overseas crisis which Jimmy switches off. The young couple, like the nation, are poised on a precipice, close to the edge of oblivion. While other nuclear disaster films go to great lengths to
56 Mick Jackson, Threads, TV-Film (UK: BBC, 1984).
3Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
detail the scenario leading to missile launch, Threads plays out mostly as it would for the characters in the film. Bits and pieces of the deteriorating situation are caught in the background, on passed televisions, overheard radios or glimpses of newspapers.
A letter is delivered by police to the Controller of a Sheffield borough, who then proceeds with official protocol, gathering the Home Office War Book and proceeding down the lengthy checklist of steps. A woman at a CND rally is speaking on money being wasted on nuclear weapons while a man yells at her to get back to Russia.
The first threads were being cut, movement and communication were restricted, while news mentions that the skirmish in the Middle East has seen the use of a “battlefield” nuclear device. The government publishes the newsprint edition of Protect and Survive and broadcast the videos on television (Figure 31). As the public slowly catch on, a grocery store is already madness, the shop owner gouges his prices and the customers resort to looting. Ruth’s parents notice their
neighbour attempting to self-evacuate, though they later find roads out of town are blocked by police, enforced stay-put.57
The Controller looks somberly at the family photos, a nod to the many “bunkers for bureaucrats” articles in newspapers about bunker dwellers being unable to bring their families. Protect and Survive media now airs on all channels as the BBC converts to the Wartime Broadcasting Service. Jackson is to be credited for obtaining the highly illusive programme
57 Ibid.
Figure 31 Captive Audience: Townsfolk watch Protect and Survive through a shop window in Threads
Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
video for his film (Figure 32). In Threads, Protect and Survive plays in a noticeably low-quality state. It is possible that the clips in Threads are a recording of a recording, with Jackson collecting the video clips from a BBC copy of the Panorama special two years prior.
The Local Authorities are unsure of their duties while Jimmy’s working-class parents remove their doors and construct their Protect and Survive lean-to as Ruth’s middle-class family takes to their basement. Suddenly, air sirens blare in the town square as people run in every direction. On screen text describes the first bomb, it exploded high above the North Sea refinery. An air burst, it generates a massive EMP that damaged all electronics across the nation. Power
lines overload, cars falter, and sirens go silent, Mick Jackson begins to cut more threads of society. Then a detonation outside of Sheffield, likely targeting the nearby airbase. Jimmy runs off which is the last the viewer sees of him.
The attack continues to play out almost verbatim from what was predicted in London After the Bomb. Text reads that 80mt had been dropped on Britain with 3 – 9 million instant casualties. A woman screams, the screen goes white, and the audio falls silent as a detonation occurs over Sheffield. The heat flash melts vehicles and instantly sets fire to the room where Jimmy’s family hid. More text reads that 3000mt have been dropped worldwide, 210 in the UK alone with 2/3rds of all houses on fire.
Figure 32 Emergency Education: A family creates the familiar lean-to as Protect and Survive plays on television (left) and radio (mid).
Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
The camera pans the wreckage of Sheffield, charred hands stick up between gaps of rubble, past melted faces with upturned eyes. The lean-to has survived the blast though Jimmy’s parents are not well off, his mother’s hair already gone, face burnt, Ruth’s parents wail in the dark of their basement. Text informs the viewer that an hour later fallout descends, and a ground explosion detonates over Crewe.58
The voiceover states explosions have blown away most roofs leaving homes open to fallout dust. One week is said to have passed and food was now government controlled as a foreboding soldier in full hazmat keeps watch outside a warehouse. Inside the municipal bunker, staff are trapped with poor ventilation, their entrance covered with debris (Figure 33). Mobs attempt to break into food stores guarded by the Army, and some are shot. 16 days have now passed, past the two-week shelter period recommended by Protect and Survive. A sea of survivors slowly shuffles into a bombed-out hospital, though the doctors and nurses can provide no care.59
A group of strangers emerge from
Ruth’s basement with cans of food. They are grabbed by a passing army patrol who uncover that the looters had
killed the family and the soldiers enforce capital punishment. More time has passed, and the
58 Possibly a reference to Hack Green SRHQ, located outside Crewe. Its location was not well known by 1984, leaving it as either a coincidence or very impressive research by Jackson and Hines.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
viewer is informed healthy people are forced into reconstruction, food sorts itself out, as more starve or vanish, more food becomes left for the remaining. There is no spare fuel to burn, nor spare manpower to dig, and thus 10-20 million Britons are said to remain unburied. Rescue crews finally get to the Local Authority bunker only to find them all dead, in darkness, having suffocated days ago, the Controller still at his desk.
As the film progresses forward four months, Jackson makes it evident that there are no survivors in Threads, even if they still live. Poison, starvation, disease, exhaustion, despair, violence and neglect all claim victims in the millions. There is no England to rebuild, no recovery to support, no government nor assistance. 3 to 8 years, the viewer is told that the population has reached a new minimum, 4 – 11 million, equal to medieval Britain. Further in the future, time is irrelevant, “the last scenes of the film lose their specificity of time as well as place, to suggest a process of destruction extending into the whole climate of the region”.60 Children are educated by a recording of children’s programming, the video is in terrible condition, as are the stunted children. These children are the future of Britain, and Jackson puts forward that therefore there is no future for Britain. Dystopian cinema often portrays a pre- industrial society working towards a future, though this is not the case in Threads. The destruction of the nation is so complete, not even the language has survived as two boys fight over a dead rabbit shouting “giss’n! come on. Giss’n!”61
Later, Ruth’s child is shown pregnant and wandering into a shack, what serves for a clinic in the future. Ruth’s grandchild represents the future of England itself, and the future is not optimistic. A nurse hands the baby to Ruth’s daughter in a tattered and bloody cloth. The baby is
60 David Seed, “TV Docudrama and the Nuclear Subject: The War Game, The Day After and Threads,” in British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker’s Guide, ed. John R. Cook and Peter Wright (London: I.B.Tauris, 2006), 63.Chapter 9 - Skeletons, Celtic Rock, and Irradiated Sheffield: Protect and Survive and Popular Culture
silent. Ruth’s daughter begins to pull back the cloth, and what she seems causes her to scream though the frame is paused before she makes a sound. This is the last image of Threads, before credits play in silence, Ruth’s daughter’s face contorted in horror looking at her child, whether deformed or stillborn, the child, as England, has little future.
Threads was effective for many reasons, particularly for the manner in which it destroys any “protective illusions” of Protect and Survive the viewer may have harboured. Threads depicted “the cruel sham of the government’s Protect and Survive”. One author noted the “nice touch of irony” that the bureaucrats were suffocated under town hall, and the “disintegration of the threads of [British] civilization” were unraveled. The critic found the text overlays and unseen voiceover as distracting however, recalling that they “pulled one back from the imaginative identification with the characters”. This evidences the vicariousness that made Protect and Survive so compelling to the nation. People identified, even though they were simple cartoons in Protect and Survive, with the characters of these films as they morbidly wished to picture themselves in the horrific situations, to see if they could survive, to find out what they would do if the bomb dropped.62
The references to Protect and Survive in Threads were very deliberate. Director Mick Jackson went to great lengths to research both the programme and the intended response to nuclear war by the British government. As with most references to Protect and Survive in British popular culture, the programme was used as shorthand to deride the Conservative government and to position any attempts of civil defence as entirely foolish. Artists against the deterrent were able to use Protect and Survive for their purposes to frighten moderates into believing they lived in jeopardy as long as unilateralism was prevented from liberating the nation.”